The Risks Of Cardiovascular Disease Health And Social Care Essay

The Rheos System is the device that can be used to take down blood force per unit area in patients who have immune high blood pressure ; the mechanism being stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors. It is unknown if there is any interaction between Rheos and conventional pacesetters. ( KARUNARATNE et al, 2010 ) I will besides be speaking about a really recent therapy for hypertensive patients ; nephritic sympathetic denervation ( RSD ) . It uses a state-of-the-art technique, â€Å" transdermal, catheter-based radiofrequency extirpation † . This has been shown to be good in patients with immune hypertension.A ( DOUMAS et al, 2010 ) Sufficient decrease in blood force per unit area can be readily achieved by bring oning unsusceptibility against marks in the RAAS. The mark antigen is a important factor in the effectivity and safety of the vaccinum. The angiotonin II vaccinum: CYT006-AngQb lessenings blood force per unit area in worlds but the consequences nevertheless were non consistent with more frequent dosing. Vaccines which can be used for hypertensive patient are still in the early stages. ( DO et al, 2010 ) High blood pressure has a high prevalence and has a slightly ill-defined definition. ( HASTIE et al, 2010 ) High blood pressure is something that needs to command. It is recommended that at least every five old ages grownups should hold their blood force per unit area checked until the age of 80. Peoples who have a high normal value for their systolic blood force per unit area, for illustration between 130 and139 mm Hg or who have a high normal value for their diastolic blood force per unit area, for illustration between 85 and 89 millimeters Hg ) are recommended to hold their blood force per unit area measured every twelvemonth. ( Brown et al, 2004 ) I will be discoursing some of the new anti hypertensive drug therapies available, the two chief 1s being viz. the carotid baroreceptor stimulation therapy and the nephritic arteria denervation process. Large-scale clinical tests and clinical surveies are presently traveling on with the purpose of specifying the safety of both the intercessions. ( GRASSI et al, 2010 ) This new implantable device which stimulates the carotid baroreceptors ( Rheos device ) activates the carotid baroreflex. This is done electrical stimulation of the carotid fistula wall: electrodes are really implanted on the outside surface of the carotid fistula wall. This is the first new therapy I will be speaking about. ( TOIDOIR et al, 2007 ) Activation of the nephritic sympathetic nervousnesss is a cardinal issue to the pathogenesis of indispensable high blood pressure in patients hence why I have decided to speak about this new approaching nephritic arteria denervation process. ( SYMPLICITY HTN-2 INVESTIGATORS et Al, 2010 ) I am besides traveling to be discoursing a new blood force per unit area vaccinum. The AngQb vaccinum uses an immunisation technique which involves the junction of angiotonin II to atoms which are similar to viruses. In a celebrated stage 2 test published in the Lancet, hypertensive patients were vaccinated with 300 mcgs of the vaccinum. After 14 hebdomads at that place was really a difference of 9.0 ( systolic ) /4.0 ( diastolic ) millimeter Hg. There were besides no serious inauspicious events recognized with the vaccinum disposal. ( GRADMAN et al, 2008 ) I will briefly speak about current medicine for hypertensive patients and eventually reexamine published documents which discuss conformity and attachment to anti hypertensive medicines. Carotid BARORECEPTORS: 1000 words The definition of immune high blood pressure would be the province that some patients face when antihypertensive drugs are non able to take down the blood force per unit area. This is a job that many physicians face at the minute in clinical pattern. ( GRASSI et al, 2010 ) . The chief intent of the arterial baroreflex is to keep the blood force per unit area rather near to a peculiar set point ( this is over a short period of clip. ) It is imperative to minimise blood force per unit area variableness by baroreflex mechanisms. In hypertensive worlds and animate beings, the baroreflex control of bosom rate has been shown to be diminished. ( HEAD et al, 2005 ) Therefore, it would follow on that a good mechanism of blood force per unit area control would be electrical activation of the carotid baroreflex. In the sixtiess and 1970s the carotid baroreflex was modulated as portion of the intervention for immune high blood pressure. The carotid fistula nervousnesss were stimulated inveterate utilizing implanted nervus electrodes and an implantable receiving system. However, t16 T. Reich, J. Tuckman, A.F. Lyon and J.H. Jacobson II, The effects of wireless frequence carotid fistula nervus stimulators in terrible high blood pressure, Surg Forum 18 ( 1967 ) , pp. 174-176.his technique ne'er became established as a possible therapy for high blood pressure. This was due to two chief grounds, one was the development of new pharmacological agents used in the intervention of high blood pressure ( e.g. ACE-Inhibitors ) and secondly because of proficient restrictions of implantable medical devices. ( TOIDOIR et al, 2007 ) More recent observations in inveterate instrumented animate beings have shown that the stimulation of carotid baroreflex can positively influenceA the long-run ordinance of arterial blood force per unit area. ( TOIDOIR et al, 2007 ) The Rheos System is an deep-rooted carotid fistula baroreflex triping system with a pulse generator and bilateral perivascular carotid fistula leads ( CSLs ) .It is has been and is still being evaluated in clinical tests for the intervention of drug-resistant high blood pressure. ( SANCHEZ et al, 2010 ) An of import clinical test was published last twelvemonth in Germany which tested this Rheos device. It looked at 7 work forces and 5 adult females ( an age scope crossing between 43 – 69 old ages ) who all suffered from immune arterial high blood pressure ( intervention resistant ) . Approximately one month before the survey took topographic point a â€Å" bilateral electric baroreflex stimulator † was implanted at the degree of the carotid fistula ; this was the Rheos device. Assorted things were measured including the intra-arterial blood force per unit area, bosom rate, plasma renin, musculus sympathetic nervus activity, cardiac and sympathetic baroreflex sensitiveness and norepinephrine concentrations. ( HEUSSER et al, 2010 ) These measurings were all performed under resting conditions, both with electric baroreflex stimulation and besides without electric baroreflex stimulation. The arterial blood force per unit area was 193 millimeter Hg ( plus or minus 9 ) over 94 ( plus or minus 5 ) millimeter Hg on medicines. The electric baroreflex stimulation reduced systolic blood force per unit area by 32 ( plus or minus10 ) millimeter Hg ( the scope being +7 to -108 mm Hg ; P=0.01 ) . ( HEUSSER et al, 2010 ) My reading would be that this is a really strong P value giving first-class grounds that this Rheos device is good for hypertensive patients. Muscle sympathetic nervus activity decreased rather aggressively when electric stimulation was started. After the lessening, there was an activity addition. However, throughout the existent stimulation period it remained below the baseline degree. Heart rate decreased 4.5 plus or minus 1.5 beats per minute with stimulation ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Again the P value here is important beef uping the grounds for Rheos device. The renin concentration in the plasma decreased 20 % plus or minus 8 % ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Yet once more here we have another important P value. The electric field stimulation of carotid fistula baroreflex did acutely decreased blood force per unit area in the patients. There were no negative effects on the existent physiological baroreflex ordinance. The response was mediated through sympathetic suppression. ( HEUSSER et al, 2010 ) MORE REVIEWS ON THIS Nephritic ARTERY DENERVATION: 1000 words Renal sympathetic hyperactivity is really associated with high blood force per unit area. Progression of high blood pressure can do chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) and bosom failure. A test was done in 2009 where nephritic sympathetic denervation was tested in patients who suffered from immune high blood pressure. The patients ‘ systolic blood force per unit areas were tantamount to 160 millimeters Hg or even higher ; they were all on 3 or more medicines for their high blood pressure ( this included a diuretic ) to reasonably measure blood force per unit area decrease effectivity every bit good as safety. The survey took on 50 patients who were all from five different European Centres. 5 patients were excluded from the nephritic denervation for anatomical grounds. They all received â€Å" transdermal radiofrequency catheter-based intervention † between the day of the months June 2007 to November 2008. They all besides had subsequent followup to 1 twelvemonth. ( Krum et al , 2009 ) The survey looked at the effectivity of nephritic sympathetic denervation. The primary end points included the blood force per unit areas at one, three, six, nine and twelve months after the process. In patients who had been treated with nephritic sympathetic denervation the baseline mean blood force per unit area was 177/101 millimeter Hg, ( average 4.7 antihypertensive medicines ) . The estimated GFR was 81 mL/min/1.73mA? . After the process the blood force per unit areas were reduced rather well. They were reduced by â€Å" -14/-10, -21/-10, -22/-11, -24/-11, and -27/-17 † millimeter Hg at one, three, six, nine and twelve months, severally. In the five patients who had non been treated, there was a average rise in blood force per unit area. The rises at one, three, six, nine and twelve months were â€Å" +3/-2, +2/+3, +14/+9 † , and +26/+17 mm Hg severally. ( Krum et al, 2009 ) The resultsA from this test were promising ; the catheter-based nephritic denervation caused sustained blood-pressure decrease in patients with immune high blood pressure. The decrease in blood force per unit area was rather significant and was without any serious inauspicious events. It was evaluated that more randomized clinical tests are necessary in order to look into the utility of this process farther. ( Krum et al, 2009 ) Equally good as this survey, another test was done the twelvemonth after ; this test was more big graduated table and was published in the Lancet. The purpose of this test was similar to the last 1 in that, they wanted to measure how effectual the catheter-based nephritic denervation in cut downing blood force per unit area in patients who had treatment-resistant high blood pressure was. The safety of the process was besides to be evaluated. In this randomized test, the patients used were those who had a systolic blood force per unit area of either 160 mmaˆ?Hg or more ( despite taking 3 or more antihypertensive drugs ) at the start of the test. These patients were indiscriminately allocated to hold the nephritic denervation with old intervention or to the other group: to keep old intervention entirely ( command group ) . The ratio for patients holding option 1 compared to option 2 was 1:1. The test included 24 take parting centres.A ( SYMPLICITY HTN-2 INVESTIGATORS et Al, 2010 ) 106 of the 190 patients ( this is tantamount to 56 % of the entire patients ) screened for eligibility were indiscriminately allocated to two different groups. The first group were the patients who were to have nephritic denervation, 52 patients were put here. The 2nd group was the control group, there were 54 patients put here. This happened between the day of the months June 2009 and January 2010. 49 of 52 patients who underwent the nephritic denervation were assessed after 6 months after the start of the test. 51 out of 54 patients who were in the control group were besides assessed after 6 months. In the nephritic denervation group, the blood force per unit areas were reduced by 32/12 mmaˆ?Hg, holding had a baseline of 178/96 mmaˆ?Hg, P & lt ; 0A ·0001. On the other manus, the blood force per unit area measurings in the control group were non different to the baseline blood force per unit areas, alteration of 1/0 mmaˆ?Hg, baseline being 178/97 mmaˆ?Hg. ( SYMPLIC ITY HTN-2 INVESTIGATORS et Al, 2010 ) The differences in both groups in footings of blood force per unit area at 6 months were hence 33/11 mmaˆ?Hg ( p & lt ; 0A ·0001 ) . The P value here is highly important, back uping grounds for this therapy. The happening of any inauspicious events was non different between the two groups. Overall, there were no studies about any serious procedure-related/device-related complications. It was evaluated that catheter-based nephritic denervation can well cut down blood force per unit area in patients with treatment-resistant hypertensive and can be used safely whilst making this. ( SYMPLICITY HTN-2 INVESTIGATORS et Al, 2010 ) REVIEWS ON THIS NEEDED BP VACCINE 500 words In carnal theoretical accounts, inoculation against renin has been shown to be effectual but has resulted in quite fatal autoimmune nephritic disease. Vaccines directed at angiotonin I and II and a section of the angiotonin 1 receptor did cut down blood force per unit area ( BP ) without doing autoimmune disease. In worlds, angiotonin I vaccination did non really cut down BP. ( GRADMAN et al, 2008 ) In the last twosome of old ages at that place has been some new grounds that a new blood force per unit area vaccinum could assist lower blood force per unit area. CYT-006-AngQb is a vaccinum in which a peptide derived from the angiotonin II molecule conjugates to the surface of virus-like atoms. ( PHISITKUL et al, 2009 ) The vaccinum was designed to assist dainty patients who suffered with high blood pressure. The vaccinum has the benefit of holding a comparatively durable consequence and therefore does non necessitate day-to-day dosing in comparing with pharmacological therapies. It was found that in hypertensive rat theoretical accounts, the vaccinum induced angiotensin-II-specific antibodies and decreased systolic blood force per unit area. This seems to be the method of how the vaccinum works. It is basically made up of a peptide which is derived from the Air National Guard II molecule, and this is so conjugated to the surface of virus like atoms. ( PHISITKUL et al, 2009 ) Presently, high blood pressure can be controlled sufficiently with bing drugs such as ACE inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers. However, intervention success is often restricted by patients who do non adhere to intervention. Immunisation against angiotonin II could work out this job. A celebrated survey was published in the Lancet merely over 2 old ages ago and it investigated the efficaciousness and safety of CYT006-AngQb. This is a vaccinum that is based on a virus-like atom ; the vaccinum marks angiotensin II in order to seek and cut down ambulatory blood force per unit area. ( TISSOT et al, 2008 ) The test was a placebo-controlled randomized â€Å" stage IIa † test. It consisted of 72 patients who suffered from mild-to-moderate high blood pressure. They were all were indiscriminately assigned to have injections of one of the undermentioned doses: 100 I?g of CYT006-AngQb, 300 I?g CYT006-AngQb or placebo. There were patients in each of the 3 groups. They were given their dosage at 3 different intervals ( hebdomads 0, 4, and 12 ) . Twenty four hr ambulatory blood force per unit area was measured twice, one time before intervention and so at hebdomad 14.A The reading was as follows: immunization with CYT006-AngQb vaccinum was linked with no serious inauspicious events which was assuring. In peculiar, the 300 I?g dosage decreased blood force per unit area in patients who had mild-to-moderate high blood pressure during the daylight ( chiefly in the early forenoon ) . ( TISSOT et al, 2008 ) This new vaccinum inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS ) . This has made many clinicians question whether it is safe suppressing the actions of angiotonin II for several months? Some surveies have argued that suppression of the renin- angiotensin- aldosterone system could be unsafe as the suppression could do salt and volume depletion and hence dangerous hyperkalaemia. a farther of import safety issue would be whether perennial stimulation of the immune system by supporter doses of a peptide could can do autoimmune disease ( SAMUELSSON et al, 2008 ) Although there are many inquiries remain sing efficaciousness and safety, RAAS immunisation represents a really advanced attack to anti hypertensive intervention. ( GRADMAN et, 2008 ) Given the mechanism of the vaccinum CYT-006-AngQb, and the first-class potency of complementing other high blood pressure interventions, success in ongoing stage II tests in patients with high blood pressure would do this therapy a valuable add-on for advisers handling hypertensive patients. ( PHISITKUL et al, 2009 ) Current intervention: 500 words Presently a broad scope of drugs are available for patients who suffer from high blood pressure. The chief 1s include water pills, sympathomimetic receptor adversaries, sympathomimetic receptor agonists, ca impart blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor adversaries and aldosterone adversaries. The chief diuretic most normally used in clinical practise isA bendroflumethiazide, which is a thiazide water pill. Other thiazide water pills include: Diuril, Microzide and epitizide. Loop water pills include: butmetanide, ethacrynic acid, Lasix and torsemide. Thiazide like water pills include: Hygroton, Lozal and metolazone. In add-on, there are besides potassium saving water pills which include amiloride, triamterene and Aldactone. Adrenergic receptor adversaries include foremost alpha blockers, secondly beta blockers and eventually assorted alpha and beta blockers. Examples of alpha blockers include Minipress, A Hytrin, Cardura, tolazoline, trimazosin, Vasomax, indoramin and phenoxybenzamine. Some illustrations of beta blockers include: Sectral, Tenormin, bisoprolol, Lopressor, oxprenolol, Visken, propanaolol, sotalol, and Blocadren. Assorted alpha and beta blockers include bucindolol, carvedilol and lebetalol. Alpha blockers tend to be non recommended as first line intervention for high blood pressure. Alpha-2 agonists include Catapres, alpha methyl dopa and guanfacine. Calcium channel adversaries include amlodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine, and Calan. Examples of ACE inhibitors are: Capoten, cilazapril, Vasotec, fisinopril, Prinival, perindopril, quinapril, Altace, and Mavik. There are assorted angiotensin II receptor adversaries including: candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan and Diovan. Finally, aldosterone adversaries include eplerenone and Aldactone. Talk ABOUT DIFFERENT CLASSES AND NICE GUIDELINES. Conformity + attachment to intervention: In footings of conformity to anti hypertensive medicine, there are some rather lurid figures. It has been stated that the bulk of over 1 billion hypertensive patients around the universe really remain with uncontrolled blood force per unit area. Furthermore, among existent hypertensive patients who do have anti hypertensive intervention, at least half of them fail to make presently recommended blood force per unit area marks ( in most states ) . ( GUPTA et al, 2010 ) It has been estimated that about 30 per centum of the grownup population in the United Kingdom are hypertensive, with their blood force per unit areas being over 140/90A millimeters Hg. It is either over 140/90 millimeters Hg or they are on blood force per unit area take downing medication.A Apparently, over half of hypertensives in the United Kingdom are non even on any intervention, and in add-on about half ( possibly even more ) of the people who are on the anti hypertensive intervention have blood force per unit areas over the existent threshold, 140 over 90A millimeters Hg. WHO ( World Health Organization ) estimates that about 50 to 70 % of patients do non take their antihypertensive medicine, and has described poor/non attachment to anti hypertensive medicine as the most important cause of uncontrolled /poorly controlled blood force per unit area. ( MANT et al, 2006 ) A systematic reappraisal was done in 2004 of randomized controlled tests which had looked at attachment to medicine with regard to blood force per unit area control. It was found that in seven of the tests an betterment in attachment to medicine was really associated with a lessening in blood force per unit area. However in a farther seven tests, a lessening in blood force per unit area was achieved even though there had been no betterment in attachment. Although this demonstrates that attachment to medicine is n't the lone factor involved in good blood force per unit area control, it predicts that it is most likely the chief factor. ( SCHROEDER et al, 2004 ) It has been reported than in the USA merely thirty five per centum of patients who suffer from high blood pressure have achieved equal blood force per unit area control. Unfortunately, non-compliance is one of the main barriers to intervention of high blood pressure. Vaccines against high blood pressure, injected every 4 – 6 months, can to an extent combat non-compliance. ( DO et al, 2010 ) High blood pressure unfortunately remains uncontrolled in over 50 % of treated patients. Some of the barriers which prevent good high blood pressure control include those that are physician-related, patient centred and all those related to the wellness system. The designation of uncontrolled high blood pressure and immune high blood pressure require good attending to accurate blood force per unit area measuring. Awareness of lifestyle factors, secondary causes of high blood pressure and right intervention are all important to designation of uncontrolled high blood force per unit area and immune high blood pressure. ( WOFFORD et al, 2009 ) There was a really interesting paper published last twelvemonth which looked at aged patients and conformity to anti hypertensive medicines. It was shown that up to a 3rd of aged hypertensive patients do non adhere to their medicine. Attachment to these medicines lessenings with increasing age, and besides with diminishing cognitive ability. Therefore more aged patients who are besides cognitively-impaired have poorer control of their blood force per unit area. Good control of blood force per unit area has been associated with reduced prevalence of both Alzheimer ‘s disease and dementedness, hence it is imperative that this category of the population is carefully monitored with regard to conformity to medicine. ( GARD et al, 2010 ) Decision In decision, the intervention of high blood force per unit area is more or less based on both drug therapy and lifestyle intercessions. Both of these things require patient attachment to be effectual. Unfortunately hapless conformity is seen in both of these attacks ; this is the chief ground for deficient blood force per unit area control. ( SAMUELSSON et al, 2008 ) Electrical field stimulation of carotid fistula baroreflex sensory nerves will acutely diminish arterial blood force per unit area in some patients who have treatment-resistant arterial high blood pressure or who are antihypertensive drugs. The stimulation will go forth the existent baroreflex map undisturbed. ( HEUSSER et al, 2010 ) This surgically deep-rooted Rheos device ( which electrically stimulates the carotid baroreflex system ) can be placed safely in a patient and will bring forth rather a important acute lessening in blood force per unit area without any major side effects. ( ILLIG et al, 2006 ) The catheter-based nephritic sympathetic denervation in add-on to standard pharmacologic therapy has shown to diminish high blood force per unit area values by a high magnitude ; this is likely to be priceless in diminishing the hazards of shot, bosom failure, shot and chronic renal failure which are all major slayers in the United Kingdom. ( Katholi et al, 2009 ) If inoculation against high blood force per unit area was both safe and effectual in the hereafter, it would perchance work out many jobs of non-compliance and non attachment to medicine. The test published in 2008 in the Lancet was true rather little and the writers even say themselves that more big graduated table surveies need to be carried out in order to demo the safety and efficaciousness of antibodies against angiotonin II in patients with high blood force per unit area. However, the consequences of this new vaccinum are really promising, and inoculation for high blood pressure may turn out to be really positive in many patients. ( HERLITZ et al, 2008 ) In decision, the three new drug therapies that I have talked about all have great possible ; hopefully they will all go successful therapies for future intervention immune hypertensive patients.

Analysis of a Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay

This poem by Langston Hughes is a very complicated. In it the speaker paints a picture of what might happen to someone’s dream if it is postponed too long. This idea is the overall theme of the poem and it is what unifies and connects each line to the poem as a whole. There are also indirect references that this is not only the dream of an individual, but an entire race’s struggle to achieve peace and liberation. This poem consists of a series of answers to the question, â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred?† All of the lines following this first question are presented as different similes. The first line of this poem is the most crucial because it develops and sets the direction for the poem itself. It makes the reader think about what happens to a dream when you put it aside for an uncertain amount of time. It is not referring to the dreams someone might have when they are asleep, but rather the goals they have set out for themselves and wish to accomplish. The poem does not choose or assign a dream to the individual or group, but leaves it up to the reader to decide what they feel is important to them. There are two levels of interpretation that can be seen at this point in time. There is the dream of the individual person and what they wish to achieve themselves. There is also the dream of an entire race and what they hope to achieve as a group. The word â€Å"deferred† was a wonderful way to articulate the idea of a postponed and possibly overdue dream. This line is followed by a series of rhetorical questions that indirectly answer themselves. The speaker firmly states the idea that delaying any dream could lead to damaging effects. Each line describes what these destructive effects and to what end it could lead. The second line asks if the dream dries up â€Å"Like a raisin in the sun.† This metaphor of a dream as a raisin forces the reader to think about the changes that might occur to a dream if it is left alone too long. Does it dry up and wither away? Even though a raisin is already dried, if it is left out in the sun for an extended period of time it would become hard and tough which would make it much harder to enjoy. Thus, if a  dream is left to wither or is unused it could shrivel away to something that is no longer useful or capable of being enjoyed. Someone’s aptitude would surely grow stiff and dry up if it was not allowed to be used. This line creates the allusion that if you don’t achieve your dreams they could dry out and leave you feeling unnourished. As the poem progresses the images and comparisons made evoke more emotion from the reader. The poem suggests that if the dream does not dry up it could â€Å"fester like a sore- / And then run.† This creates an image and reminds the reader about the pain that is felt when you are injured. This line means that the dream could become irritating like a fresh sore that you wish would dry up so it can heal, but instead lingers and runs. The uncompleted dreams effects could become frustrating and the external wound would be a constant reminder of the things you have not yet attained. The line â€Å"fester like a sore-† creates a tender image and illustrates the exasperating and slow healing process the body must undergo in order to recover properly. This question alludes that when you don’t accomplish your dreams it can be like a sore that never completely heals and always appears fresh. The damaging effects of not completing your dreams becomes more explicit as the poem progresses. The speaker asks if the dream deferred stinks â€Å"like rotten meat.† It reinforces the previous grotesque question and the idea that if you leave a dream out too long it will eventually begin to fester and rot like meat. The idea that a dream has the potential to become rotten is an interesting concept. The dream could begin to rot in the person’s mind or heart, which would cause them to become sick. This line could also be an indirect reference to the lynching that occurred during the speaker’s era. It could be referring to the rancid smell of the dangling lifeless bodies. This reinforces the idea that the speaker is talking about the struggle of an entire race and how important it is to rise up as a group to accomplish your dreams because if anything is left alone too long it will eventually begin to decay. At this point the poem begins to talk about the lighter, but still negative effects of not completing a dream. The speaker implies that if the dream does not begin to rot it could â€Å"crust and sugar over- / Like a syrupy sweet.† This line compares not accomplishing a dream or goal to a sugary substance. If either  of these is exposed for too long it would begin to form a rigid and stale crust along the surface. This hard crust would make the substance more difficult to use and could make the dream more difficult to achieve. A dream that is hard and separated is much harder to achieve, and this could lead to feelings of depression. These feelings would make the dream appear more complex and create a bigger struggle for the person to obtain their goals. The other image this line depicts is a scab crusting over. Everyone has or will have some sort of injury that will result in a scab sometime in their life. This is a powerful image that connects the reader to the image the speaker is trying to portray. Although a scab is not typically thought of as something sweet it eventually crusts over â€Å"like a syrupy sweet† and becomes solid. Even though these two images are not typically compared, it reinforces the crusty and hard image this line is trying to convey. This question insinuates that you should savor and protect your dreams so they do not become old, sour, and stiff. They should be preserved properly so that they remain obtainable. In the second stanza the speaker proposes the idea that if the dream does not crust over â€Å"Maybe it just sags- / Like a heavy load.† This suggests that not following through with your dreams could weigh you down, which would be another damaging effect. It implies that maybe your dream sags, like when a person is carrying something heavy, causing them to move at a sluggish pace. This unhurried pace could lead to clumsiness, which could cause the load to appear heavier than it really is. The word â€Å"Maybe† reinforces that this line is not a question, but rather a suggestion. This suggestion implies that the dream could become hard to bear due to the mental uncertainty that could lead people to ask â€Å"what if† questions. Asking these questions is often a form of self-sabotage because they can never be answered. The development from line to line becomes more intense and graphic as the poem progresses. The last line asks the reader if none of these previous affects have happened, would the dream just â€Å"explode.† This word creates an image of a bomb that could cause a great deal of destruction. This idea is the most devastating effect of not accomplishing your dream because not many things are salvageable after an explosion and it is usually used as a last resort. This suggests the idea that if a dream is postponed too long it would eventually turn into a bomb. This explosion could potentially cause more damage to the person than if  they had attempted to accomplish the dream and failed, due to the fact that it could never be pieced back together. After a dream has been shattered it is no longer achievable. This line is more powerful than the others because it has a deeper message behind it. I think it is a threat on the level of the whole race. If a dream is deferred too long, then it could explode into violence. If this occurred, it would do an unspeakable amount of damage to the righteous cause and make the whole race appear barbaric. It could also cause an individual or an entire race to lose hope and â€Å"explode† with grief causing them to fall apart and feel helpless. These feelings could make someone feel that suicide is the only escape or might lead them to become more aggressive towards others. These two ideas are by far the most damaging affects that could happen if you don’t strive to accomplish your goals and dreams. This poem is very intricately woven and pieced together. The speaker uses comparisons in every line to reinforce and emphasize the main theme of the poem. The indirect references added to the overall complexity of the poem. Each line highlights and unifies the poem because every line relates back to the detrimental effects of what could happen if a dream is deferred. What happens to a dream deferred?

Anne Frank Essays - Women In World War II, Stateless People

Anne Frank Audrey Strickland On June 12, 1929, at 7:30 A.M. a baby girl was born in Frankfurt, Germany. No one realized that this infant, who was Jewish, was destined to become one of the world?s most famous victims of World War II. Her name was Anne Frank, and her parents were Edith Frank Hollandar and Otto Frank. She had one sister, Margot, who was three years older than she was. Anne led a happy and normal childhood, and on her 13th birthday she received a diary from her parents. It became special to her as years went by. It is through this diary that much about World War II and Anne?s life has been learned. In 1933, her and her family left Frankfurt, a large Jewish community, and settled in Amsterdam. Her father foresaw that Hitler?s power boded disaster for the Jews. In May 1940, the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands took place, which cast a shadow on Anne?s happy childhood. The situation became worse with the restrictions placed on the Jews. One restriction was that Jewish children were only allowed at Jewish schools. Anne went to the Jewish school called The Jewish Lyceum. In July 1942, Anne?s family went into hiding in the Prinsengracht building. Anne?s family called it the ?Secret Annex?. During these times people they knew like, Miep and Jan Gies and many others, brought the family?s food. You would have to be very brave to take on a job like that because, if you got caught you could be killed. Life in the Annex was not easy at all. Anne had to wake up at 6:45 A.M. every morning. Nobody could go outside. No one could turn on lights at night. Anne mostly read books or wrote stories. Much of Anne?s diary was written while in hiding. Most of the families got separated, but Anne?s family never was. For this, they were lucky. In 1944, their hiding place was revealed, and they were taken into custody. The day after their arrest they were transferred to the Huis Van Bewaring, a prison on Weteringschans. On Aug. 8, they were transported from the main railroad station in Amsterdam to the Westerbork detention camp. For a month, the Franks were kept in the ?disciplinary barracks?, not as ordinary prisoners, but inmates convicted of a crime. The crime was hiding. On September 3, 1944, aboard the last transport to leave the Netherlands, Anne?s family and those who were with them, were brought to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. By then more than 100,000 Dutch Jews had been deported. This last transport held 498 men, 442 women, and 79 children a total of 1,019 people. This transport arrived in Aushwitz during the night of September 5. Right after they got there, men and women were separated. The following day, 549 people from this last transport, among them all the children less than 15 years of age, were sent to the gas chambers, where they would be killed. Women who had not been selected for extinction had to walk to the Birkenau women?s camp. Edith Frank and her daughters were among them. This camp was known as a ?death camp?. They had a goal to get rid of all the Jews and Gypsies. By September 1944, almost two million people had been gassed. After the arrival of the last transport from Westerbork, there were about 39,000 people in the women?s camp. Margot and Anne stayed there for almost two months. They were then to be shipped to Bergen-Belsen. Mrs. Frank didn?t want to leave her daughters, so she stayed with them until they were shipped away. On January 6, 1945, Edith Frank died in Aushwitz-Birkenau of grief and exhaustion. Anne and Margot were sent to Bergen-Belsen on October 28. Margot and Anne died within days of each other, of the disease typhus. Bergen-Belsen was liberated by the British shortly after, on April 15, 1945. Of the last transport, with 1,019 people, that left Westerbork on September 3, 1944 for Aushwitz, 45 men and 82 women survived. Anne?s father lived on for many years and made sure that Anne?s diary was published. Her diary was published in 1947 and was then made into a film. This diary helps people remember what the Jews went

Code of Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Code of Ethics - Research Paper Example The current J&J head is the CEO and Chairman of the company, William C. Weldon† (Flamholtz & Randle, 2011). Unlike other companies, J&J does not have a mission or vision statement but it has a Credo that has been guiding all the actions and decisions of the company for more than the past 60 years. Furthermore, unlike other companies, this Credo or code of ethics is a simple one-pager document that hangs on the walls of company office in 57 countries and in 36 different languages (Flamholtz & Randle, 2011). Discussion â€Å"It was in the year 1943, when the Chairman and a member of the company’s founding family, write this credo for the company, just before it was going public† (Leonard-Barton, 1998). The term corporate social responsibility did not even exist at that time. The period of James E. Burke who served as the company’s Chief Executive Officer (1976-1989) was the defining moment in the history of the company ad its credo. During his period, the com pany faced several allegations and litigations and he asked his fellow executives to either follow the Credo or tear it down the wall. However, during the mid 1970s, Burke found that the classical Credo of the company has lost its legacy and influence in the company. He took up the task to revitalizing the energy of the Credo and sat down with other executives to make minor adjustments to it (Wit & Meyer, 2010). Burke believed that there was another more important for the company than its Credo because for the past one hundred, it has been the values and ethical standards of the company defined in the Credo, which have helped the company to perform well and outclass its competition (Flamholtz & Randle, 2011). Since then, the company has been putting a lot of its emphasis on the Credo regardless of the situations or the geographical regions. All the employees in the company, whether at managerial or non-managerial, regardless of their geographical location, know about the Credo since from their day one. At every office and floor of the company, the Credo is framed and hung on the wall. Employees receive extensive trainings to ensure that they know about the ethical values of the company and its history of compliance to ethical values (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2008). There are four essential elements of the Credo, which are customers, employees, community, and stockholders. The company has the responsibility of providing good and quality products to the customers. Employees must receive the due respect and development through their career. For the community, the company must act as good and responsible citizens of the community. Lastly, the stockholders of the company must receive a fair return (Lagan & Moran, 2005). The credo of J&J does not have the greatest words or the unique ones in the history of businesses. What males J&J credo so influential and important is the order of those words. J&J believed that customers come first, then employees, then the communi ty and lastly, the stockholders (Flamholtz & Randle, 2011). It does not mean that the stockholders could be avoided but it means that the company believes that if customers are receiving quality products, employees are being respected, we become good citizens of the community, and then profits would flow for the stockholders as well. Furthermore, important here to note is that

Malnutrition In Children And Preventive Measures Essay

Malnutrition In Children And Preventive Measures - Essay Example What is your claim? Is it that it has emerged as growing health problem all over the world or that the long term impact is too severe? What are your main points? They seem to be: economic impact, concentrated in developing countries, active intervention by governments, educational intervention through health care services, women’s rights, and nursing care guidelines for treatment. How could you apply this to your paper so that the thesis statement includes your topic, claim, and indicates the structure, Marco? *Marco 2638165 has requested that you respond to the Introduction/Conclusion: I have no concerns about either your introduction or conclusion as both perform their respective functions well. Your introduction prepares the reader for the essay that follows by proving very helpful background information. The conclusion does a most effective job of reinforcing your overall discussion by echoing your overall thesis and summarizing the main points of discussion. Good work!   Use of Resources: Your citations all comply with APA guidelines—well done, Marco. However, your References page needs a little work. Your References page at the end of the essay correctly lists all of the sources used in your paper in alphabetical order by inverted author’s name. However, they should be presented in a hanging indent. You have also correctly list internet sources with unknown authors under the article or entry name and placed titles in italics.Here are examples and models for you to review against: With electronic sources it is only necessary to give the retrieval date for APA if the website is likely to be updated frequently. While the order may vary, an example of a listing for an electronic source is: Justice, C. (2004, July 28). The struggle against... If the population is healthy then there would be the generation of a proper workforce which in turn will contribute to the economic growth of the economy. Thus policies are made by the government to ensure a healthy environment. ‘Healthy People 2020" was launched in 2010 by the Department of Health and Human Services which had almost 1200 objectives focusing on different areas of public health. The principle goal of this program was to ensure high-quality life, achievement of health equity, elimination of disparities, promotion of good health and healthy behaviors (CDC, n.d). Keeping the goal of Healthy People 2020 in mind it is essential to seriously look into the matter. Child malnutrition has been growing at an alarming rate in the developing countries. Children represent future generation and hence provision of proper health facilities to curb malnutrition is an essential requirement. If proper attention is not given to this issue then it would hamper the growth of the econ omy. In the sub- Saharan Africa the number of children who are undernourished (low weight for age) has increased from 90 million in the year 1970 to 225 million in the year 2008. It has been projected that it would increase by another 100 million by 2015 (Teller & Alva, n.d). The situation of malnourishment is equally grim for India where the state of Madhya Pradesh accounts for the highest rate of malnutrition. The seriousness of malnourishment can be understood from the extent of its long term consequences.

Mathematics in motion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mathematics in motion - Research Paper Example P is the momentum of the moving object and m is the mass of the moving object. The mass of the object remains constant. During collision of the vehicle, momentum is conserved. Car collisions are inelastic in nature. A car tries to absorb the impact of collision by diverting the force. During this type of collision momentum is conserved but the kinetic energy is not totally conserved. The transfer of the kinetic energy is difficult. It is easier to determine the position of an object, if the force is known. The simple way to do this is to double integrate the differential equation of force twice. After the first integration velocity is the yield and after second integration, position of the object can be determined. The method can be utilized to evaluate the trajectory of an object. The method is an easier method that gives an analytical solution to evaluate the position of the object when the force is the function of time (Chemistry.clemson.edu, 1998). The function depicts that the c ollision between the vehicles is fatal due to the gain in the kinetic energy with respect to the increase in the force with respect to time. The function gives that force is directly proportional to the displacement. However, it is also dependent on the time. The three equation of motion are: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ... and the driver accelerates the car with 2m/s2 for 5 second, he will attain a velocity of 11m/s, which is relatively high speed as compared to the initial velocity. In the similar manner if the driver has an initial velocity of 50m/s and driver accelerates the car with 5m/s2 for 10 second, he will attain a velocity of 100m/s that is double the initial velocity. Thus it is important to take care of the speed laws and accelerate the car recommended manner. In other case, if the driver has the initial velocity of 10m/s and driver accelerates the car with 5m/s2 for 10 second, he will cover about 350 meters. In the similar manner if the car is going too fast consider at 100m/s and we have to stop it to 0m/s in 2 seconds. The car has to decelerate at the rate of 50m/s2. If the rate of deceleration is about 20m/s2, the car would take 5 seconds stop. That speed laws are there to control the speed of the vehicle and stop the vehicle in no time. The more the car attains speed, the more time it will require to stop the car. In the similar manner, if the car stops in 5 seconds and decelerate at -20m/s2, it will cover about 250 meters to stop the car. If we want to stop the car in just less than 10 meters then the deceleration required will be -500m/s2, which is what we require in case of stopping the car. In this way, speed should be controlled according to the speed laws. References Chemistry.clemson.edu (1998).  Newton's Equation of Motion. [online] Retrieved from: http://chemistry.clemson.edu/chemdocs/marcusgroup/software/CONCEPT/QMA/fma/fma.htm [Accessed: 6 Dec 2013]. Physics.info (2013).  Equations of Motion - The Physics Hypertextbook. [online] Retrieved from: http://physics.info/motion-equations/ [Accessed: 6 Dec

Character evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Character evaluation - Essay Example It is concluded that Sara as a film character is well-developed and not one-dimensional like other film heros and villains are.    The main theme of the film, faith, is embodied by the character of Sara Crewe. Growing up  to a rich family in India, Sara believes that all girls are princesses. As a young girl, she was encouraged by her father to believe in such things as magic. As a result, Sara became more in touch with the fantasy world than in the banal realities of life. She enjoys reliving and retelling the story of Ramayana, takes pleasure in reading books and playing with expensive dolls, and most importantly, appreciates a world of make-believe that is driven by fantasy. Her being open to the arts, emotions, unconventional ideas, and adventure is what brings life to the movie. Saras open nature has influenced the way she was perceived and treated by the schools headmistress, Miss Minchin, the students, and the servant girl, Becky. During her fist week at school, Sara became an instant favorite among the students because of her ability to tell the story of Ramayana in such a creative and  engaging manner. By imagining that she could talk to her dead mother in heaven, Sara was able to remove the tantrums of Lottie who also lost her mother as a young child. In one of the most  memorable scenes  in the film, a flower vendor offers Sara a bright yellow flower and utters the phrase "For the princess." Sara received the flower with a smile and then, like a princess, took a bow. A turning point in the film, this scene established that all girls are, indeed, princesses regardless of their social and economic status. Saras being open led her to acknowledge and believe what her father has been telling her all along, and which was re-affirmed by the flower vend or.    Sara also acted with a sense of duty, self-discipline, and achievement. Because Sara knew the French language by heart, she felt it was her duty to teach the other students on her free time.

Social Behavior in Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Behavior in Animals - Essay Example The while-tail is one such species. It is a medium-sized deer that is native to the United States. Most deer species, including the white-tail, live in herds. The white-tail deer will migrate depending on temperature, the phases of the moon and the barometric pressure. The white-tail socializes on the basis of sex with the exclusion of the mating season. The doe, which is the female deer, and the fawns, which are the infant deer, group together. The bucks, which are the male deer, live together segregating themselves from the does and fawns. The purpose of this is to give time to the does to bring up the fawns. The buck’s social life is all about dominance. Though they co-exist together and live as a herd, there is always that one buck that is considered to be the leader. The leading buck is supposed to be given preference when it comes to mating and any other buck that wishes to take his place must challenge him. The bucks not only challenge the dominant buck but also have ch allenges amongst themselves. If a buck wishes to challenge another male, he will lay down a scent by peeing over his tarsal glands by rub-urinating. The buck also does this as a way of inciting a female to mate with him. This is their way of communicating; the white-tail also bleats as a way of communicating. The aspect of socialization among the deer is portrayed as one of living together. Just as pointed out earlier, socialization traverses through virtually everything. The ant exemplifies a social life that is near to, if not, perfection. An army ant is mostly found in heavily forested areas that are in most cases humid. An army ant colony has three major divisions. They are the queen ant, the soldier ants, and the multipurpose soldier ants. Each of them has its own distinct duty in the colony. The duty of the queen ant is to ensure the continuity of the colony. Sarkar says that she does by laying eggs which can be as many as between 100,000 to 300,000 within a 5 to 10 day spun ( 67). The socialization of an ant revolves around the life-cycle of the colony. The life-cycle of an army ant colony has two major phases. The two phases include a stationary phase and a migratory phase. The stationary phase takes place when the queen ant is pregnant. The queen and is in most cases expected to lay over 50,000 eggs and this causes her abdomen to swell. At this stage, the colony is, in essence, stagnated at one particular place. The soldier ants divide themselves into groups. One group is responsible for the protection of the queen, another is responsible for fetching food and the other is responsible for building the nests. The multipurpose soldier and has the duty of also fetching food and making the nests for the eggs which will be hatched. The worker and also has the duty of cleaning the colony’s habitat and if necessary, expanding it. The second phase of the life-cycle of an ant is the migration. This phase is triggered by the hatching of the eggs. The ants have to migrate in search of a new habitat that will accommodate the whole colony. The integrative input of every ant is vital for the survival of the colony. It is the same unity that sees ants create ant hills which are over 10 feet high.  

Kamlari System in Nepal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kamlari System in Nepal - Research Paper Example Hence the Kamlari system grew out of this practice. ii) Girls as young as six are sold and enforced into years of basic labor. They are made to do odd jobs like cooking, cleaning and babysitting in the homes of strangers. These Kamlaris normally work from sunrise to sunset, eat leftovers and sleep on the floor and, in the most terrible cases, are beaten and raped. Children in Western province of Nepal are given no choice over their future and are sold as domestic servants, laborers, and sex slaves. (a) Champhi Chaudhari, a Tharu girl from a family of six children, was one of these girls. She was sold away for domestic labor, where she was ill-treated and deprived of schooling by her employee. (b) Urmila Chaudhary, another girl was sold at the age of 6. She was often beaten and also burnt with boiling water for shoddy work explains Murray. (http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PULITZER/9744defb200746ec1573910a6841018a.htm) III. Human Trafficking (Compliance with ILO Convention No.29 on Forced Labor, ratified in 2002). Girls are illegally transported from Nepal to other countries for forced and bonded labor. They are made to work in: In general education for girls in Nepal is very limited. ... (c) Another girl Jamuna Chaudhary, was bonded for 10 years. She was never let out, says Murray.) (http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PULITZER/9744defb200746ec1573910a6841018a.htm) III. Human Trafficking (Compliance with ILO Convention No.29 on Forced Labor, ratified in 2002). Girls are illegally transported from Nepal to other countries for forced and bonded labor. They are made to work in: 1. Agricultural sector 2. Brick kilns 3. Prostitution and 4. Domestic Work (http://womennewsnetwork.net/2009/11/09/nepalgirlseducate820/) IV. Lack of opportunities for the poor girls. In general education for girls in Nepal is very limited. Several girls are sent to Nepali government schools which are not up to the required standards and are not funded sufficiently. In addition to this girls are generally asked to leave school at the young age of 12. Lack of opportunities, poor girls are sold by distressed parents to middle-men who promise to find work, along with training and education, for their daughters. (http://womennewsnetwork.net/2009/11/09/nepalgirlseducate820/) V. Difficulties in Rehabilitation. There were severe troubles in the process of release and rehabilitation of kamaiya bonded laborers. The program was hectic and rehabilitation did not reach all those affected in the rural areas. The Government has still not set out the plans for abolishment of the haliya system and make certain the recognition, release and rehabilitation of haliya bonded laborers. (http://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/Nat_Rep2006-07.pdf ) Broader research, planning of

Hoosiers Essay Example for Free

Hoosiers Essay ‘Hoosiers’ was a film released in 1986 and is one of very rare hits in the series of sports films. The film is set in the year 1952 in a small town in Indiana and this was the time when in Indiana each high school has the goal of winning one or the other states championship. It is based on a true story but with strong characterization, a story with its own logic and aspects of motivation and inspirational scenes as well along with characters having specific and distinguished qualities. 1. On his first night in Hickory, Coach Dale was provided with lots of suggestions by the town’s men but he was very sure that all these suggestions were not going to work. He had his goals and decisions firm and assertive and on the very first day of practice, he tells the temporary coach that his days of coaching were over and also dismisses Buddy. 2. Jimmy Chipwood is considered as the star player with experience and the team members too needed him but Coach Dale tried to ignore him initially and focused on the whole team because he believed that the team that plays collectively preventing selfish play, only has a chance to succeed. But he unintentionally convinces Jimmy to play and it seemed he persuaded him to play for him alone, which encourages the team and they finally win the state championship. 3. At the first prep rally, Coach Dale exhibits the authoritative style of leadership and dismisses a player because he doesn’t follow his instructions word by word. He believes that games when played on fundamentals could win and the most important thing was discipline. 4. During the first game, Coach Dale felt that his team was not able to make a shoot and he decided to make a speech in half time and tried to calm down his players as also give them hints so that they play accordingly after half time. He also makes Ray stay out of the game. 5.â€Å"Shooter† in the movie, ‘Hoosiers’ has the real passion for the game, basketball and of course knows about the game very well. The only thing lacking in him is self-esteem because he had missed an important shot during his playing days and is also the victim of ostracism. Treating these kind of people in the way Coach Dale does is very important because the real thing is how important one is for the purpose i.e., the basketball game here. Promoting the Shooter reveals that personal drawback can be overcome by the knowledge. 6. During sectionals, Coach Dale keeps himself cool and firm and applies the authoritative style of leadership because the team still believed that they could not do without Jimmy. Coach Dale wanted each and every player to perform their best and remember the fundamentals of the game. 7. Coach Dale tries to moderate the pressure of the game of the State Championship among the players but he himself is under pressure because winning this championship meant a lot for him. The pressure is because he was put out of this game for more than a  decade and that guilt stayed in his mind and had made his soul cover with a thick skin of wisdom. The reminder of this incident every now and then makes Coach Dale cynical and of course his arrogance can also be related to the same thing. At the back of the mind he is nervous and wants his players to not to face any such kind of situation, which would make them have regrets throughout their lives. This is what is made clear by Ronald Heffeitz when his work depicts that leading with an open heart needs a lot of courage and writes that it is first and foremost important for ones own identity and spirit. And this Coach dale does during the state championship game and encourages each player to perform his best.

American Ideals Of Freedom And Liberty

American Ideals Of Freedom And Liberty In 1776, our country was founded on American ideals of freedom, liberty, and equality however, during this time in history; these principals were often bias to upper class white men. When the Declaration of Independence was first written, many Americans understood the notion of all men are created equal to truly mean that all white males were created equal. This was true with other civil rights guarantees also. The framers of our countrys Constitution were also considered to be the elite of their time. They were all white, wealthy, well educated land owners and did not adequately represent the diversity in our nation. Civil rights are defined as; a class of rights and freedoms that protect individuals from unwarranted government action and ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression. Freedoms of speech, of the press, of religion, and of fair and equal treatment are the basic civil rights granted to each of us. The Bill of Rights that was added to our Constitution outlines the basic freedoms and liberties guaranteed to every citizen of the United States of America. The Bill of Rights, in black and white is the first ten amendments to the constitution; however sadly, women and African Americans were not granted the civil rights entitled to them. Civil rights issues began at our countries founding, and continues throughout history and today. Wars in general happen as a result of people or nations defending a terrority, protecting their interests and/or trying to achieve a moral purpose. The Civil War combined all of this rational, and ended up being the single bloodiest conflict in American history. The Civil War claimed the lives of over 600,000 Americans, all on American soil; which is more than in all other American wars combined with the exception of Vietnam. The Civil War began in 1838 as a result of disputes between the northern and southern states over slavery and taxation of cotton exports. The south wanted to keep slavery and felt it was necessary, so they started the war by seceding from the union. The North refused to let the Southern states break up the Union, thus the dispute led to the Civil War. The end result of the Civil War did free the slaves, however, the blacks did not gain any ground of status or respect among the states in either the north or south. White men continued to treat the African American population as property rather than people. Following the Civil War, slavery may have been abolished however not much changed for blacks. Blacks fought hard for freedoms; men still could not own property, vote, or go anywhere in public the white men were allowed. They suffered through hate, beatings, and small rations of food. They were treated no differently when they were supposed to be free. If a black man or woman did get the opportunity to work for pay at a white mans factory, he nor she would never get the same pay as a white man. They were working for the same company and doing the same job however, it wasnt considered to be right for a black man or woman to be earning the same amount as a white man or woman. Women were making small strides toward equality in the early 1800s; Oberlin College in 1833 was the first to accept women students and make their university a coed facility, the first National Female Anti-Slavery Society convention was held in 1837 with 81 female delegates, and in 1844 Female textile workers in Massachusetts organized the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association (LFLRA) and demand a 10 hour work day. The push for womens right to vote began in the mid 1800s when the proposed 15th amendment came to fruition. Some suffragists refused to endorse the amendment because women were not included; however, argued that once the black man was enfranchised, women too would achieve their goal, and gain voting rights. The National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was formed in 1890; the group organized marches and protests, and pressed the federal government for institutional changes, such as allowing married women to have property rights. The 15th amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote. This was a big step in the direction of equality. This amendment states that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Voting rights for African Americans was huge in the civil rights movement; however it proved not to be an easy task or necessarily wise choice for most blacks to do so. Discriminatory legal barriers were enacted to prevent them from actually having a say, once again forcing the African Americans to fight for what was suppose to be a freedom. Literary tests, poll taxes, the grandfather clause and white primaries were put in place as ways to discourage the black voters from excerising their civic duty. Literary tests were exams given to indivudials to determine if they were intelligent enough to vote. The vast majority of African Americans were not educated; therefore it was very difficult to prove they were literate enough to vote. The exams were administered by whites and bias toward whites. A test administer may ask a white person to spell a simple word such as God or boy, where a black person would be asked to spell a word like chrysanthemum or interpretation. When an African American got the word wrong, they were deemed illiterate and lost their privilege to vote. For those who did pass the literary tests, the government put in place poll taxes. Essentially this was a law forcing voters to pay a steep tax/fee in order to vote. If you were not able to pay the tax, your right to vote was revoked. Taxes were also cumulative; if you could not afford the tax at a particular election, the next time you tried to vote, you were required to pay that elections tax as well as all previou s unpaid taxes. African Americans were poor and most lost their voting privilege because of this. The Grandfather Clause was a law that waived electoral literacy requirements and poll taxes for those whose ancestors voted before the Civil War. This provided a loop hole for illiterate whites that could not pass the literary tests to be able to vote. It also prevented the blacks from voting as the majority of their ancestors were slaves and had no rights. The Democratic Party was the dominant party in the United States during this time and in most all elections their candidates were in office. To avoid allowing black voters to vote in the primarys, the democrats promoted their political party as a private organization. By doing this, they could control who voted in the primary and they could exclude anyone they wished. In most cases, who ever won the primary, and made it to the general election ticket would be voted into office; therefore the African American votes really didnt matter since the primary was determined by the whites. The Reconstruction period following the Civil War saw the beginnings of the Ku Klux Klan. This group was a white activist group and the first charter was founded in 1865. Their original purpose was to deny African Americans the same rights and opportunities as white people in the south. Klan members used violence, threats, and even murder of those blacks who attempted to become educated, to vote, to befriend whites or sought out better paying jobs. It was during this time the Klan began to wear white robes in an attempt of further intimidating blacks and to conceal their identity. In 1870 and 1871 the federal government was forced to step in and passed a series of acts, known as Enforcement Acts. They were put in place to protect the voting rights of blacks and to try and suppress the Ku Klux Klan. The Acts; outlawed actions intended to prevent blacks from voting, established rules to eliminate fraudulent registration practices, prevented intimidation of blacks by any illegal action, and gave the president the right to have the military step in when public safety was threatened. Civil rights have been a struggle America has faced since the founding of our country, and has been a violent and deadly battle for equality of our laws. All people are created equal, and all people bleed red. I believe that every citizen in America should have the same rights and privileges regardless of ethnic background or religion. A prerequisite of being a white, land owning well off male contradicts the very principals our nations was founded on. Reconstruction in the south was Americas first attempt at an interracial democracy. It completely reshaped life as was once known. Blacks were freed from slavery and for the first time looked upon as a person, not property. The United States government finally assumed responsibility for defining and protecting civil rights. Freedmen in the south were given an opportunity to vote; although it did not come with out risk and challenges. Black men were also granted the right to hold political office. The African American community was huge in the south, and with the help of white allies was able to temporally bring the Republican Party to power. Cumming, GA is considered to be a rural country town with little racial diversity or tolerance. Cumming benefited from the traffic of the gold rush in Dahlonega; however when gold was discovered in CA, and the tourists left, Cummings economy suffered. Even during the Civil War, Cumming was bypassed by Shermans Army and was basically a sleepy little town. There is a case from1912 when a white woman was raped by 3 black men in town. This outraged the citizens so much that Georgias governor was forced to send troops into the city to prevent a riot. The Ku Klux Klans Knight Riders campaigned for well over a month in an effort to force all African Americans out of not only Cumming, but all of Forsyth County. They were fairly successful and for many years the black population in the county was basically non existent. More recently in 1987, a small group of blacks marched through town in Cumming to celebrate Martin Luther Kings birthday. This infuriated the Klan and in protest, they threw g lass bottles and rocks at the group. This attack drew national attention and turned into the largest civil rights demonstrations since the 1960s. The results of this demonstration were positive as it was a turning point and marked favorable change. Today, the city is becoming more and more diverse and is growing rapidly.

Power & Authority :: essays research papers

Week 9 Essay 1 Power and Authority   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although they are very closely related, power and authority are two different concepts. Power is needed in order to establish authority, yet it is also completely distinct from authority (Week 9 Study Notes).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power is defined in the course study notes as the â€Å"ability of individuals or groups to get what they want despite the opposition†. Power is derived from a variety of sources including knowledge, experience and environmental uncertainties (Denhardt et al, 2001). It is also important to recognize that power is specific to each situation. Individuals or groups that may be entirely powerful in one situation may find themselves with little or no power in another. The county Registrar of Voters, who is my boss, is a perfect example. In running the local elections office, she can exercise the ultimate power. However, in a situation where she attempted to get the county selected for a desirable, statewide pilot project, she was powerless, completely at the mercy of the Secretary of State. Power is difficult to measure and even to recognize, yet it plays a major role in explaining authority. In organizations, power is most likely exercised in situations where à ¢â‚¬Å"the stakes are high, resources are limited, and goals and processes are unclear† (Denhardt et al, 2001). The absence of power in organizations forces us to rely on soley hierarchical authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When power becomes legitimate, it is then recognized as authority (Denhardt et al, 2001). Power becomes authority when it is accepted and even desired by society. As stated by the course study notes, â€Å"authority refers to a situation where a person (or group) has been formally granted a leadership position†. An individual has authority when everyday norms and regulations support the exercising of power by that individual. In an organizational setting, â€Å"authority is hierarchal and vested in positions† (Week 9 Study Notes), which are defined by â€Å"organizational charts, positions and rules† (Week 9 Study Notes). Generally, power in authority also involves the possibility of rewards such as promotions and good performance reviews.

Are Safe-Haven Laws A Good Idea? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Pap

Are Safe-Haven Laws A Good Idea? Debi Faris recently made the sad drive, again, from her home in Yucaipa, California, to the Los Angeles County coroner's office to retrieve the body of a baby boy who had been left by a dumpster. Ms. Faris, her husband, Mark, and others laid baby Jacob (who was named by the police officer who found the child) to rest in the Garden of Angels, a small portion of a local cemetery the Farises established for abandoned infants in 1996. With the help of donations, they bought 44 plots four years ago. Baby Jacob was the 45th abandoned child buried there, forcing them to look for new space among the tombstones. "I never thought in our lifetimes we'd use them all," said Debi Faris. Due to the increasing numbers each year of abandoned babies in our country, law makers are starting to pass laws designed to protect abandoned babies. According to a survey of media reports conducted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 65 newborns were abandoned in public places in 1991, and that number rose to 108 by 1998. Experts can't explain why the number of abandoned babies is increasing, the only thing they see is that these people leaving their babies appear to be desperate and totally ignorant of what could be done for their babies. Babies are found alive, and sometimes dead in dumpsters, parking lots, woods, and rivers. In 1999, Houston, which leads the country in this phenomenon, reported 13 incidents in a 10-month period. Three of the babies were found dead. Many states have enacted or are actively considering new "safe-haven" laws to prevent such tragic abandonments. These laws allow a woman to leave her baby at a hospital, medical clinic, police or fire station anonymously, mostly with no... ... In the next year after the law going into effect, 33 babies were abandoned in Texas, most at hospitals, while 14 were left in dangerous situations. This year the number remains the about the same, but there were five cases reported in which women bore children elsewhere and then dropped them off at a hospital or firehouse. Three of those women said they had been prompted to do so by the law. I feel that these abandoned baby laws should be passed by every state. Saving just one more baby's life is all that matters. We shouldn't let babies continue to be thrown in dumpsters because people are worried about them not having medical backgrounds. The value of a baby's life is so much greater than the concerns arisen over the laws. The laws are well intentioned, and are the best way to help babies that are destined to be abandoned whether there are safe-havens or not.

Personal Narrative About Me :: Autobiography Essay, Personal Narrative

Me I am sentimental, out-going, indecisive, understanding, curious, naive, lazy, and young. I want to be ... , well a lot of things, and growing is discovering what they are. I feel people cannot see the potential within, although there is no one to blame but myself. I look to others for approval instead of to myself. I aim to please; it leads to approval. I don’t like to discuss my faults; I pity myself. I am weak in some respects, but in others I am strong. My life is a balance of ups and downs. With my extremes however, my scales never fulfill the word "balance." The ups and downs equal a median on which I travel daily. I love those who understand me, who chose to come close to the fire, who stay long enough to love its warmth, and who know how to avoid being burned. I don’t trust people easily. I don’t throw around my heart. I’ve lost love from my lack of giving. I regret this. I grab hold of things, always seeking support, a rock on which to lean. I have tried God, boyfriends, and small successes in school and sports, feeling the title FAILURE rise upon my forehead when I slipped. Afterwards I tried even harder to bring myself back up, my recovery taken on the quickest, most unstable route. This explains how I fell so easily. The self-esteem I had needed to be constantly replenished and refilled. My source was not myself, but others, whose opinions mattered more than my own. I am passionate and at times fearless. I am everything, and I am nothing. I am ever-changing and unpredictable. I crave security but cry for independence. I am black or white, never gray. My actions may not reflect my feelings and vice-versa. I play the submissive female one minute and the aggressive female the next. Every year I learn more about myself. The person inside no longer takes peeks at the world outside, but screams "Look at me, see what I’ve become, watch because I am coming!" I’ve been through difficult times, but the odds are starting to lean my way; I feel ready for any challenge that may arise.

Process Writing and Teaching Grammar in Context Essay

From the lowest level of grade towards the prestigious masteral and PhD degrees offered in schools, writing and grammar enhancement never cease to affect the curriculum. Why is this process of teaching repeatedly implicated among students? This is primarily because of the fact that writing is one of the most important and the most widely used skill in any type of profession in the business and industrial sectors of the business world, people who are aiming to become professionals in the future, therefore taking part in the different positions of the said economic industries indeed need to learn the basics towards the complicated notes of becoming a fine writer. Not that writing would be a career for them; however, it would always be a part of their communicative connections with their colleagues if whatever field they might be joined with later on. One of the primary lessons regarding this matter though is the writing process. According to Stone, â€Å"process writing is learning how to write by writing† (1995, 232). Certainly, this means that a student or a particular individual is able to learn the basic principles of writing if he is given a briefing on the procedures of correct writing practice. The said procedures include five main activities that must be considered when one is trying to create a certain written work. The said procedures include: Prewriting- this stage involves the preplanned writing topic of the writer. In this stage the writer aims to prepare himself in the work that he is about to write. He scribbles down the ideas in a certain note trying to collect the data that are needed to support the topics that he aims to propose. Drafting- this stage is the process by which the ideas are written in a away that the writer aims to simply present the ideas that he has with regards the topic he aims to write about. This is just the outcome of the prewritten work, which means it still needs to be revised to be able to meet the needs of actually getting the standard result for the final outcome of the written work. Revising- this is when the writer tries to see the basic errors on the prepared draft and then further assess the work on what ideas need to be rejected and which ones are still needed to be added so as to be able to enhance the impact of the discussion of the topic being presented. Editing- The final revisions are applied in editing the work. The final furnishing of the written job makes it easier for the readers to understand the final output since it would become more focused and certain about the ideas that it tries to imply to the audience of this particular reading material being produced. Publishing- The final output is ready for public reading. After the clarification done on the writing through the first four stages, the reading material that has been produced is now ready for sending the message to the public readers. These fie stages of writing is what the process writing lessons are all about. Schools intend to help the students master these particular stages of writing to help them enhance their capabilities in sending their ideas ort messages to others through written pieces of work. Meanwhile, grammatical learning lessons are also imbedded within the procedures of implying the lessons of process writing within students. However, it is first essential to know what teaching grammar in context means.

Education: Political Stability Essay

Pakistan has been ruled by both democratic and military governments The rule of law and justice is the only way of maintaining stability in the country. The continuous failure of government wrong policies leads the people of country to miserable conditions. The only solution is allowing the oppressed people of Pakistan to share decision making process with transparency and accountability from top to bottom. We need to strengthen our political system and institutions, develop an active and sustainable growth, eliminate corruption, provide timely justice, enhance employment, start steps for population control, seek consensus based political solutions .The political atmosphere was too vitiated; political instability was too acute; tensions between the different tiers of the government were so damaging; the challenge of setting up the organs of a new state was so formidable; As a result, economic management took a back seat in this formative phase of Pakistan’s life. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INSTABILITY Our political parties are in there own fantasy to fill up there own pockets. That is the reason our politics are unstable. Political parties in Pakistan are not working fairly.Because they just don’t care about the innocent people of Pakistan condition of Pakistan is becoming weird day by day we have a politicians and a politics but they work for their own selves ,make benefits for their own selves not for the poor and innocent people .our country is behind from the successful nations just because our government is careless they send their children out of the country for education they should make education better here then there will no need for foreign education in Pakistan .apart from this another reason for political instability in our country is The intra-party election is no to be seen. The leaders, consequently, are autocrats. Political parties are famous in the name of leader of the parties. Personification has harmed extremely the true essence of democracy. Pakistan has failed to establish a political stability due to constitutional conflict, the most important reason for political instability is our economy. We have high inflation, large income inequality, deficit financing and a chronic lack of the national political parties should embrace a new spirit of cooperation and constructive opposition, expenditure for infrastructure and education. moving beyond outdated confrontational and self-defeating street action and walk-outs and boycott politics to engage in vigorous political debates free of violence Political instability lowers private investment, slows economic growth, and gives rise to unemployment and poverty. Political instability breeds corruption, mis-governance, shortens policy-makers’ horizon, inconsistency in policies, and creates volatility in economic performance. Pakistan is witnessing a prolonged period of political instability (almost five years) and. as such its adverse consequences for the economy are quite visible. It is strange that the current government, claiming to have a strong majority in the parliament, failed to generate political stability in the country. People within and outside the country had a lot of expectations about political stability, Political instability is associated with greater uncertainty regarding future economic policy, it certainly affects investment adversely, slows economic growth, increases unemployment and poverty, which in turn, further fuels political instability by giving rise to violence, civil unrest, and strikes. Pakistan failed to establish a stable democratic government due to constitutional conflict. Due to political instability, Pakistan’s economic and social growth has been curtailed. Our country is facing struggle and instability from the very dawn there is a lot of the problems in Pakistani politics that is the fact majority of any political party continued coalition politics which is responsible for the instability. It seems, the political stability in Pakistan is turning to be a dream unaccomplished for the country’s first ever government that was expected to complete its full tenure is too in crisis. It may not be wrong to say that judiciary is gaining its due status . Instead of providing help and justice to the people or to improve the conditions of Pakistan our politicians are busy in finding legs to stand upon their lies as truth. Political instability is a situation when the uncertainty among the government structure expand due to some basic causes and it eventually end up the current government1.We all know when a ruling party faces this sort of uncertainty so they do not do well for the public. They become unable to make polices for the development of the country. EFFECTS OF INSTABILITY There are many reasons behind political instability in Pakistan. no one leader sincere with Pakistan and Pakistani nation. They have their own interest and aims. Parties who are famous in Pakistani politics are not handle people issues as they are expected. They are not taking as well as foreign issues in the interest of nations. Political instability has played havoc with the safety and security of Pakistan. This is the cause of our failures in recent times. Our country is facing numerous challenges to its existence. But instead of unity, our political parties are playing dirty games against one another. A tug of war is going on among Pakistan Parties, These parties are least bothered about the security situation of Pakistan. Their vision is just to secure the supreme office for next five years; unfortunately, we do not see any concrete plan of action from our political leaders to counter these threats to the national security. Lack of political seriousness made this issue complex a nd complicated. It is the responsibility of the government and other political parties to sit together and come up with a comprehensive plan to resolve the issues in Pakistan. If they settle their issues and try not to exert pressure on one another, then there will be no violence, kidnapping or target killing in country. Therefore, political parties must cooperate with one another and work for the stability of country Political forces play a significant role in the formation of government. These actors largely bear the responsibility to maintain political stability in the country, but some times, bypassing the national interest of the country, they become an instrument to create not only mess and political instability, but also lead towards several other major issues. Our political parties are responsible for this situation as the leadership is not whole-heartedly sincere to resolving the issues; instead, its only seems playing politics of blame-game merely for their own interest, as if the world de pended on it. Political Instability or sons of leaders and possess leadership in heredity. Pakistan’s experience is evident that quality and stability of political System, and leadership is not possible without quality education . The weak organization and improper working of political parties paves the way for coalition governments, which has become a very common set for every government and they exert their whole energy for maintaining the coalition set up and remain in continuous pressure from partner groups. The present political trend in Pakistan is forming coalitions amongst different political parties, which is the reason of current instable conditions. The unjustified acts and emotion provoking acts of the leaders made people question their identity and legitimacy again after the independence Achieving stability will require building a combination of forces in the social, political and state spheres that can seriously address the challenges that confront Pakistan. Political stability plays an important role in keeping society integrated and in maintaining legitimacy within the state. It is a prerequisite for the economic development, social integration, and supremacy of law in a state. Unfortunately, Islamic Republic of Pakistan stands on the top of those countries where social injustice prevails at every level of the society. Citizens of Pakistan are unaware of social justice concept and its effects on society. Pakistan’s civil and military rulers and elite class have been plundering this country since independence CONCLUSION There are so many problems in Pakistan. There is only one thing that can help Pakistan in solving all the problems that is the self-improvement of each and every Pakistani. All of us should be patriotic, honest, and hardworking. Everyone should respect the laws of country and obey the laws. Only then we can change our Pakistan’s condition. There is a famous saying â€Å"God does not change the condition of any country until the people of the country do not improve their selves. â€Å"It is true in the case of Pakistan. Our government should look over the things to improve the conditions of Pakistan .so political instability can clear in this. Political Instability in Pakistan Political Instability in Pakistan – Information of the world window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/2\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/2\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"http:\/\/www.einfopedia.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=4.6.12"}}; !function(a,b,c){function d(a){var c,d,e,f,g,h=b.createElement("canvas"),i=h.getContext&&h.getContext("2d"),j=String.fromCharCode;if(!i||!i.fillText)return!1;switch(i.textBaseline="top",i.font="600 32px Arial",a){case"flag":return i.fillText(j(55356,56806,55356,56826),0,0),!(h.toDataURL().length

Historical Process of Individuals

CARIBBEAN STUDIES TOPIC: THE IMPACT OF HISTORICAL PROCESSES REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Describe TWO responses of Caribbean people oppression. (4 marks – 2005) 2. (a) Explain briefly the significance of â€Å"adult suffrage†. (2 marks – 2006) (b)Suggest TWO reasons why support for adult suffrage grew in Caribbean societies in the early 20th century. (4 marks – 2006) 3. (a) Name TWO regional territories to which large numbers of Caribbean people migrated between 1838 and 1920. (2 marks – 2007) (b)Give TWO reasons for such migration. (4 marks – 2007) 4. (a) Explain what is meant by indentureship in the context of the Caribbean experience. 2 marks – 2004) (b)State TWO ways in which indentureship differed from slavery in the Caribbean. (4 marks – 2004) 5. Describe THREE ways in which enslavement of people in the Caribbean contributed to the erasure of their cultural practices. (6 marks – 2003) 6. (a) Explain what is meant by the term ‘colonial education’. (2 marks – 2008) (b) Name TWO institutions that facilitated colonial education in the Caribbean. (2 marks – 2008) 7. (a) Name TWO groups of indentured labourers who were brought to the Caribbean after emancipation in 1838. 2 marks – 2009) (b) Give TWO reasons why EACH group of indentured labourers were brought to the Caribbean. (4 marks – 2009) 8. Explain what is meant by term ‘resistance’. (2 marks – 2010) 9. Describe TWO ways in which the Haitian Revolution impacted Caribbean society and culture. (4 marks – 2010) ESSAY QUESTIONS: CHOOSE ONE 1. Using examples from the Caribbean, explain how Caribbean people throughout history have responded to oppression. (2008) OR 2. Describe THREE ways in which education facilitated the colonial agenda in the Caribbean. (2010)

Leonardo vs. Michelangelo

Leonardo versus Michelangelo Violet Jane Greeley Art Appreciation ART 101 Carrie Ann Wills November 13, 2012 Da Vinci versus Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone shared many similarities. Both were painters, sculptors, and poets. They both had a tendency to leave their works incomplete. Both artists quickly surpassed the talents of their instructors and achieved fame with ease. In addition, both artists were known to have studied anatomy by dissecting human cadavers [ (Bambach, 2002) ].Together they make up two thirds of the Renaissance’s three greatest artistic minds of all times, the other being Raphael. In this paper, I will first give a brief biography of each artist, then compare and contrast three works of art by Leonardo with three works of art by Michelangelo, followed by a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the world of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century, and provide supporting examp les. Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 and passed away on May 1, 1519 [ (Helicon, 2005) ].Leonardo’s first painting and sculpting instructor was Andrea del Verrocchio, with whom he was apprenticed to and even surpassed in skill [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. During his apprenticeship to Verrocchio, Leonardo excelled at many skills including painting, sculpting, architecture, engineering, and mathematics [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. Still further, he studied subjects such as botany, geology, geography, zoology, anatomy, hydraulics and mechanics [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 and passed away on February 18, 1565 [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. When Michelangelo was fourteen years old, he was apprenticed to Domenico Ghirlandajo in April, 1488 [ (Vasari, 2006) ] [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. Before long, Michelangelo excelled in his artistic ability, surpassed his fellow apprentices, and at times even rivaled his master’s abilities [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. Additionally, he achieved exemp lary skills in architecture, poetry, and engineering, but was most fond of sculpting above all else [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Although Michelangelo wasn’t apparently influenced by Ghirlandajo in artistic methods or styles, his attitude and behavior reflected that of his master more prominently by his frequent displays of vigorous work ethics and an impatient temperament [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. While under the tutelage of Ghirlandajo, Michelangelo carefully analyzed old and new artists and their techniques. These included but weren’t limited to Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, Ghiberti, Benedetto da Majano, Mino da Fiesole, Antonio Rossellino and Jacopo della Quercia Rolland [ (Rolland, 1921) ].Florentines whose influence can be seen in Michelangelo’s works are Giotto and Masaccio [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. A year after his apprenticeship to Ghirlandajo, he was also introduced to Bertoldo di Giovanni (who was himself once a student of Donatello) through Lorenzo the Magnificent, an d was instructed on the art of sculpture in the Garden of Medici as well as being influenced by Lorenzo de Medici [ (Kleiner, 2010) ] [ (Rolland, 1921) ].His original intent in joining with Giovanni was to gain experience with the tradition of Donatello and to enhance his knowledge of antiquities, but the most precious asset Michelangelo acquired from Giovanni was access to and the friendship of the Medici family [ (Rolland, 1921) ]. From 1492 to 1494, Michelangelo obtained an extraordinary opportunity to study anatomy in the hospital which was adjoined to San Spirito [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. Vasari stressed the importance of studying antique forms and the significance of such in the work of all of the most highly regarded master artists in the High Renaissance era [ (Johnson, 2000) ].Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo were no exceptions to this rule, and Michelangelo especially applied himself in that aspect [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Leonardo was a major contributor to the art world in t he late 15th and early 16th centuries and a predecessor of many other artistic marvels including Raphael and Michelangelo. Here I will discuss St. Jerome in the Wilderness, The Last Supper, and Mona Lisa. St. Jerome in the Wilderness was begun in 1480 and is one of many of Leonardo’s unfinished products [ (Classics, 2012) ]. St.Jerome resides in the Vatican Museums in Rome [ (Classics, 2012) ]. St. Jerome withdrew from society into the Syrian Desert and became a recluse [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting illustrates a far off crucifix on the right side of the picture and St. Jerome kneeling down all the while fixing his eyes on the distant crucifix [ (Classics, 2012) ]. A rock can be seen in St. Jerome’s hand and a lion is close by [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The rock represents the object with which St. Jerome uses to punish himself for the purposes of atonement [ (Classics, 2012) ].The lion is indicative of the companion St. Jerome acquired after healing an injury to the l ions paw. A cardinal’s hat together with the lion and the stone are common traits associated with St. Jerome. Also on the right is a church between the rocks, the existence of which could indicate St. Jerome’s Doctoral position [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Leonardo used a fresh, new technique in positioning St. Jerome in a disproportionate way so that his figure was vastly different than that of the lion [ (Classics, 2012) ].Through the passage of time, this painting has endured separation and the process of reassembly [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The Last Supper came into creation beginning in 1495, was improved upon in sporadic periods, and was finished it in its entirety in 1498 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Duke Ludovico Sforza and Duchess Beatrice d’Este commissioned The Last Supper who wanted it to be the centerpiece for the Sforza family mausoleum [ (Classics, 2012) ]. However, the painting now serves as the wall covering for the dining hall in the monastery Santa Maria del Gr azie [ (Classics, 2012) ].The Last Supper was an elaborately detailed representation of Jesus’ life as it neared its end in the Gospel of John chapter 13 verse 21. Jesus revealed his awareness of the upcoming betrayal from within his beloved discipleship as the Bible described the scene in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 21 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The reactions of the disciples ranged in varying degrees of outrage, shock, horror, grief, and disbelief as continued in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 22 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Another reference to Biblical doctrine included in the painting was the initiation of the Eucharist in the book of Luke chapter 22, verses 19 through 20 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. In the painting, Judas was clearly stunned at the announcement of his plot [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In a state of reservation, he was grasping the money purse containing the silver which had been obtained in trade for the betrayal [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Some observers of the painting argue that the purse could also be suggestive of Judas’ status as treasurer of the group as well [ (Classics, 2012) ].Close observers may take note of Judas tipping over the salt shaker, which may be a cleverly disguised reference to a phrase which signifies the betrayal of a master [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Peter appeared to be perturbed all the while wielding a knife; this could have been a deliberate inclusion of the painting in order to give observers a sense of foreboding, a reminder of the violence to come in the midst of Jesus being arrested [ (Classics, 2012) ]. John was painted in a manner portraying him in the throes of a fainting spell [ (Classics, 2012) ].As was commonly practiced at the time, Leonardo positioned all of the disciples and Jesus on one side of the table for the purpose of being able to see them all [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Some other painters during later periods of time occasionally separated Judas from the other disciples by either seating him on the opp osing side of the table or by neglecting to give him a halo like the others in the painting, an obvious indication of his fall from grace [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Rather than denoting Judas in that way, Leonardo uses the shadows as a safe haven for the villain to conceal his own guilt in [ (Classics, 2012) ].Jesus could be seen in the painting as he pointed toward the bread and persisted in foretelling pending events by stating that the traitor would break of the bread simultaneously with himself as is suggested in the book of Luke chapter 22, verse 21 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Judas reached for the bread as predicted because he was distracted by the conversation between John and Peter [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In this painting, the artist used a definitive method of manipulating the lighting which in turn naturally brought the observers eyes to the central focal point of the painting behind Jesus’ head [ (Classics, 2012) ].Because Leonardo used an alternative method of painting, The La st Supper rapidly began deteriorating [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Although efforts have been made to maintain its integrity, the quality of the painting has suffered substantially [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The deterioration so compromised the painting it can only be speculated upon that Leonardo originally intended for the positioning of Jesus’ feet to be suggestive of the forthcoming crucifixion [ (Classics, 2012) ].It’s quite apparent in this art piece that Leonardo did extensive research with the help of models and close observational skills to create a psychologically provocative and visually pleasing scene [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Mona Lisa otherwise known as La Gioconda was a portrait conceived in about 1503 and was completed in 1519 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The commissioning was initiated by the woman in the painting, Lisa del Gioconda and her husband who was a prosperous silk merchant in Florence [ (Classics, 2012) ].In the beginning of its existence, Mona Lisa may have been h oused at Chateau Fontainebleau, but was then relocated to the Palace of Versailles, then to the Louvre where it remains to this day [ (Classics, 2012) ]. No other work of art in the world is more famous than Mona Lisa [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Lisa del Gioconda was a member of the Gherardini family, who were prominent Florentines [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting of this portrait was motivated by the acquisition of the couple’s new residence as well as in celebration of their second son having been born [ (Classics, 2012) ].Factors that aided in the promotion of this portrait gaining such colossal fame were the vague facial expression, the delicate method of painting the shapes, and the enormity of the composition [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In creating the Mona Lisa, Leonardo used a pyramid shape as a basis of effortlessly positioning the subject into the space permitted, with her hands folded demurely taking the shape of the obverse corner [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The lighting of the p ortrait gently caressed her in various places including her breast, hands, neck, and face, giving the painting added fundamental dimensions [ (Classics, 2012) ].Lisa held an erect posture, and her fixed stare was another distinct feature that gave the portrait its signature quality. The darker elements of the painting such as Lisa’s hair and veil along with the encompassing shadows help to add radiance to her face that might otherwise have been less noticeable [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Leonardo’s absence of outlining particular facial features enhanced the liveliness of the subject. As was typical of Leonardo, the comprehensive landscape, the general calmness, theatrical use of lighting and shadows, and the obscure outlining all contributed to this masterpiece [ (Classics, 2012) ].It’s important to note the background contained a visual illusion in that one side was significantly higher than the other which would be unfeasible in reality [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Howeve r because of the discrepancy, Lisa seemed to move or smile if the viewers eyes shifted from one side to the other [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting survived a number of attacks over a period of time including theft, an acid spill, stone throwing, and other such mishaps, but has been minimally damaged and on occasion repaired [ (Classics, 2012) ].Michelangelo created many great works in his time, and in conjunction with Leonardo and Raphael defined the artistic era of the Renaissance. I will focus on two of his statues; The Pieta and David, and one of his paintings; The Last Judgment. Before discussing Michelangelo’s statues, I’d like to restate that he’d previously gained extensive knowledge of human anatomy by secretly dissecting cadavers, which aided his ability to create accurate portrayals of human physique while sculpting and painting [ (Hartt, 1989) ].Since this practice was illegal as well as being considered morally corrupt behavior, having done so put him at an advantage over many other artists [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Work on the Pieta, a life-size statue made of marble was set into motion in between 1498 and 1499 and reached its fruition in 1500 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. It was the French cardinal, Jean de Bilheres Lagraulas who commissioned the Pieta to be done so that it might enhance the appearance of the chapel in Saint Peters where he was intended to be buried [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].This statue, his first masterpiece was a representation of Mary holding Jesus after his crucifixion [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Controversy surrounded this work of art regarding Mary’s appearance of being younger than Jesus [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. However the artist was able to portray Mary’s loveliness as well as her grief in an intensely vivid manner [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The artist’s intent in portraying such youth in Mary was that he’d been attempting to use that feature as a method of defining Mary’s purity.As a result of the you thful and tranquil appearance portrayed in the Pieta, Michelangelo’s statue was unique in comparison to other artists portrayals of the same scene in which their Mary was much older and broken-hearted. Michelangelo created such detailed imagery that the Pieta quite visibly displayed a variety of textures including hair, fabric, and flesh [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. This particular piece of artistry in addition to David has been replicated by numerous other painters and sculptors.It’s been said that Michelangelo wasn’t initially in the habit of signing any of his pieces of artistry. However, upon hearing observers crediting other artists with his accomplishment he began doing so with the Pieta. The Pieta originally was destined to occupy Saint Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City, however it is now located in the church which took the place of Saint Peter’s [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo’s David wasn’t the first statue of the biblical hero, bu t it was the most impressive one which has ever been created thus far [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].David was a popular biblical theme about a young shepherd boy purportedly the underdog who volunteered to enter into battle with a much larger adversary [ (Lee, 2004) ]. In this story, David defeated his enemy with a slingshot, his skill, and his courage as the only weapons at hand, without even being protected with armor [ (Lee, 2004) ]. Upon his return to Florence in 1501, Michelangelo received a warm reception regardless of his previous association with the Medici family [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He began sculpting David immediately and completed this work in 1504 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Donatello and Verrocchio both had previously created statues of David; however unlike Michelangelo, theirs were symbolic of the hero after his battle with Goliath [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo created his personification of David to represent the events prior to the battle with Goliath [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He use d David’s anatomy to imbue strength, anticipation, and reserved energy [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He even added the minute detail of engorged veins to emit a sense of the physical process of an adrenaline rush and the psyche which accompanies it [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].David’s facial expression was indicative of having already decided to do battle, but not yet having completed the task. Clearly it was Michelangelo’s intent to portray David in the very moment in which the slingshot was about to be raised [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. Michelangelo’s David possesses a poignant connection with an imperceptible presence [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. It was unlike any other because of its overall size and slender physique, and to this day can be surpassed only by Michelangelo’s Pieta.Upon completion, this masterpiece further solidified Michelangelo’s reputation as a master sculptor and artist in all of Italy [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. David is now located in Florence, and stan ds at an impressive fourteen feet high [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Michelangelo’s knowledge of anatomy, balance, and proportion are prevalent, along with an aura of superhuman magnificence [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. David is but one example of Michelangelo’s personality which exemplified divine humanity [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Divine humanity represented developing values in the Renaissance era [ (Hartt, 1989) ].The Renaissance began a movement away from centuries of control over human affairs on the part of the church and a restoration of humanistic values of the contemporary world [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. It was firmly held by Michelangelo that the human body was the living embodiment of God’s divine power [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. He successfully articulated man in its ultimately heroic status in creating his David sculpture [ (Lee, 2004) ]. The spiritual closeness Michelangelo held to was in direct contrast with the scientific approach of Leonardo [ (Hartt, 1989) ].Michelangelo began painting The Last Judgment in 1536 and completed it in 1541 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. In the midst of his work, the counter-reformation was in full force [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. An important issue affecting the world of art was the difference in religious beliefs between the Catholics and the Protestants [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The Catholics valued artwork for its power to manipulate the people toward piety [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Protestants, on the other hand found artwork to promote idolatry and distraction [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].To alleviate controversy regarding this issue, the Catholic Church reached an agreement that images should be visually and theologically unambiguous [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The uproar of the counter-reformation was instrumental in Michelangelo’s decision to paint the altarpiece of the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment as a way of depicting the controversial times. The central figure of the altarpiece was the Lord, and all around the Christ figure were nudes. God was the unyi elding authority over his human subjects, and physically gestured his intent to utterly annihilate humanity [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].It’s quite clear that the Lord had complete control over the destiny of all of the spirits around him. The Heavenly hosts emanated their unease, while angels trumpeted, and the Lord discerned between the just who ascended to Heaven and the damned who were thrown into the pits of Hell [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo further purveyed horror by including rising dead figures and demons provoking great suffering and agony upon the damned souls [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Other known figures which complement this masterpiece were Saint Bartholomew and who was either the good thief or St. Andrew [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].The works of da Vinci and Buonarroti significantly influenced the world of art in the 16th century in Italy and Europe in numerous ways. The two artists shared many similarities in talent and scope of knowledge; however it was their individual uniquen ess that magnified their works to the status of masterpieces in their lifetimes and beyond. In 1476, Leonardo was permitted to paint an angel in Verrocchio’s Baptism of Christ, in which he impressed his master with his superb display of talent [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. By that point in time, he’d already been elected to be a painter into the painter’s guild [ (Jacobs, 1968) ].Other contemporaries alongside Leonardo under Verrocchio’s tutelage included such notable artists as Perugino and Lorenzo di Credi [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. By the year 1481, Leonardo’s talent was known all over Italy, and he was commissioned by the Saint Donato monastery to paint their altarpiece which is now known as The Adoration of the Kings [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. However as was Leonardo’s tendency, he neglected to complete the altarpiece and sought employment with Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. His first work for the Duke was to create a statue of Ludovicoâ⠂¬â„¢s father.Approximately in 1496, Leonardo began planning and painting his famous Last Supper located in the Santa Maria delle Grazie, which took about two years to complete [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Around the year 1500, he created the painting known as The Battle of Anghiari, and soon after embarked on his most famous work, Mona Lisa [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Francois I was among the first patrons to passionately support the coming of the Renaissance to France and commissioned Leonardo to work around the year 1516 along with other prominent figures such as Rosso Fiorentino [ (Johnson, 2000) ].Following this event, he then created two more paintings for the French viceroy in Milan, The Virgin of the Rocks, and Saint Anne with the Virgin and the Infant Christ that ended up being his last masterpieces [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Almost two centuries later, another artist known as Diego Velazquez would use similar painting techniques to Leonardo in which he wasn’t as concerned with every minute detail of a subjects being so much as capturing their characteristic impressions [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].Leonardo was also the mastermind of a device known as sfumato which was used by many other artists who followed him even centuries later in order to overcome the problem of naturalism and perspective creating a rigid and wooden appearance on the subjects of the paintings [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. Unfortunately, another problem arose which this technique could not accommodate. The shadows used by Leonardo didn’t naturally occur in the light of day, therefore Impressionist artists had to resort to blurring some aspects of their painting to prevail over the dilemma [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].Michelangelo learned the fresco technique from his original instructor, Ghirlandaio [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Later on, he was sent to the Medici Garden where he learned from Bertoldo di Giovanni [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. While in the presence of the Medici family, Lorenzo de Medici encouraged Michelangelo to in volve himself in conversations with many of the most renowned men of the time [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. He achieved recognition for his talent in approximately 1492 when he constructed his first masterpiece The Battle of the Centaurs, which was a marble relief [ (Johnson, 2000) ].This statue remains unfinished as are many of Michelangelo’s works of art. By 1499, Michelangelo succeeded in creating a superb statue known as Pieta, which was completed in 1499 and caused him to gain world-wide recognition [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. In the next few years, he occupied his time by creating a statue of David, in the Accademia, Florence [ (Jacobs, 1968) ] [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Michelangelo’s depiction of David dwarfed those of Donatello and Verrocchio in ability, and talent. His next project, the tomb of Pope Julius II was to be the longest lasting one of his life, taking a full forty years to complete [ (Jacobs, 1968) ].One statue included in this great endeavor is Moses, arguably the most e xcellent work exhibited by this particular sculptor [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. The tomb also includes The Atlas Slave (incomplete), The Dying Slave, and a statue of Lorenzo de Medici, along with two supporting nudes below [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. In the midst of his work on the tomb of Pope Julius II, he worked on the Sistine Chapel ceiling from May 10, 1508 until October 31, 1512, this also being done for Julius II [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. This particular masterpiece is to this day incomparable to any other work of art [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Pope Julius II chose to employ Michelangelo for this task because his reputation throughout Italy and Europe was that of an outstanding sculptor who had an exceptional talent for using physical forms to express his own feelings and emotions [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in its entirety contains nine major panels; God Separating Light from Darkness, The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, The Separation of Land from Water, The Creation of Adam, The Creation of Eve, The Temptation and Fall of Adam, The Sacrifice of Noah, The Flood, and the Drunkenness of Noah [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Twenty four years later, Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Paul III to paint a mural above the altar of the Sistine Chapel which was to be a companion piece to the ceiling; The Last Judgment [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. This altarpiece took him six years to complete beginning in the summer of 1536 and reaching its completion on October 31, 1541 [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. According to records, Michelangelo employed a single assistant for this project; Urbino, a talented artist who showed a significant ability with the foreshortening technique [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Numerous authorities on the matter believe Michelangelo’s source of inspiration for The Last Judgment was derived from a poem, The Divine Comedy written by Dante who mentioned a Charon and Minossis both of whom are included in the painting [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Much praise and criticism was hea rd for this painting, ranging from amazement and wonder to abhorrence for the scandalous nudity [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Biago da Cesena was one of the first among many who offered scathing disapproval of the nudity of the figures [ (Rebman, 2000) ].As a result, Michelangelo painted the face of Biago on the figure of Satan and a serpent slithering about the body while biting the groin area of Satan [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Despite Biago’s complaints to the Pope, the painting remained as it was [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Unfortunately, due to so much criticism over the nudity of the painting, modifications were later made by Daniele da Volterra, who was hired by the church officials to paint clothing on the genitals of the nude figures [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. However, another artist, Martino Rota made an engraved replica of the original Last Judgment prior to the alterations [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Similar to the habits of Leonardo, Michelangelo frequently abandoned his paintings before completing them , and the only known finished easel painting is The Holy Family [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Michelangelo’s reputation was far superior to those of his contemporaries in sculpture, even including the next generation [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Many new and upcoming artists studied Michelangelo’s methods with great intensity, and strived to imitate his level of distinction by painting nudes in their own works of art as he had done [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].These artists seemed to have overindulged themselves in this practice, and such behavior took away from the meaning of the paintings rather than adding to it [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. This fashion became known as Mannerism. In closing, I’ve mentioned a few similarities common between both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone. In addition, I gave a summary of each artists lives, compared a few of their art pieces, and finished off with a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the w orld of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century with supporting examples.References Bambach, C. 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