Sample of Nursing Health History - 1063 Words

Nursing Health History Nursing health history is the first part and one of the mostsignificant aspects in case studies. It is a systematic collection ofsubjective and objective data, ordering and a step-by-step processinculcating detailed information in determining client’s history, healthstatus, functional status and coping pattern. These vital informationsprovide a conceptual baseline data utilized in developing nursingdiagnosis, subsequent plans for individualized care and for the nursingprocess application as a whole. In keeping the private life of my patient and in maintaining confidentiality, let me hide for with the pseudonym of Patient B. Patient B was born on December 19, 1992. She didn’t know herparents but she has relatives†¦show more content†¦A thorough record of relevant dates is important in determining relevance of past illnesses or events to the patient s current condition. Past and current medical history includes details on medicines taken by the patient, as well asallergies, illness, hospitalizations, procedures, pregnancies, environmental factors such as exposure to toxins or carcinogens, and health maintenance habits such as self breast examination or immunizations. An example of a line of questioning might be: †¢ How are your ears? †¢ Are you having any trouble hearing? †¢ Have you ever had any trouble with your ears or with your hearing? If the patient indicates a history of auditory difficulties, this would prompt further questions about medicines, surgeries, procedures, or associated problems related to their current or past condition. In addtion to identifying data, chief complaint, and review of systems, a comprehensive health history also includes factors such as the patient s family and social life, family medical history, mental or emotional illnesses or stressors, detrimental or beneficialShow MoreRelated Article Analysis: The Nursing Shortage Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesArticle Analysis: The Nursing Shortage Nursing shortages have occurred in health care throughout history, and especially since World War II. Just as the legion of baby boomers is about to swell the need for quality health care, Americas nursing population is aging and more nurses are moving into primary care settings and into other disciplines. As a result, Americas hospitals and other institutions need more nurses, especially those who deliver specialized care. As a healthcare providerRead MoreNurse Patient Ratio1710 Words   |  7 PagesPresently in the health care field there is a push for safe nurse to patient ratios in acute care settings to provide quality and safe practices that will reduce the risk of complications and adverse effects as the acuity of patients continue to increase. As patients are staying in acute care facilities for less time, resulting in the need for continued care after discharge. The fluctuation of higher rates of acuity of patients in the skilled nursing facilities and nursing home setting is placingRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Dependability And Transferability966 Words   |  4 PagesDependability and Transferability No sample questions were revealed. It would have been beneficial to evaluate dependability if it was identified which input from the subjects required follow-up questions or when did the unstructured interview reach saturation. The author highlighted the choice of unstructured interviews to create freedom in narration. This is most likely the reason as to why the data collected from the patients and family members â€Å"fluctuated between their lived experiences andRead MoreSafe Nurse To Patient Ratios In Nursing1710 Words   |  7 Pages Presently in the health care field there is a push for safe nurse to patient ratios in acute care settings to provide quality and safe practices that will reduce the risk of complications and adverse effects as the acuity of patients continue to increase. As patients are staying in acute care facilities for less time resulting in the need for continued care after discharge. The fluctuation of higher rates of acuity of patients in the skilled nursing faculties and nursing home setting are placingRead MoreThe Holistic Approach of Qi Exercise for Healthy Pregnant Women1439 Words   |  6 Pagessupport for overall maternal health throughout pregnancy. Although Qi exercise is gaining more attention as a type of complementary and alternative therapy, there have been hardly any studies done to examine Qi exercise during pregnancy (Ji Han, 2010). Significance of Topic There is significance in investigating the effects of Qi exercise during pregnancy because of the insightful information and evidence that may be obtained for improving nursing care and serving the health care needs of pregnantRead MoreEssay about case study1240 Words   |  5 Pages Ackley: Nursing Diagnosis Handbook, 10th Edition Writing Assignment: NCP: Planning, Implementation amp; Evaluation Due to Evolve dropbox by 10/29/14@ 11:59 PM Nursing Process Case Study - Mrs. Ross (Wound Care) Case Scenario â€Å"It isn’t fair. I’ve worked so hard all my life, I don’t deserve this,† thought Mrs. Ross as she looked down at her right leg where a large wound gaped open. Two weeks ago, she had a femoral-popliteal bypass, which got infected. The wound was opened up and was healingRead MoreBuilding an Improved Infrastructure for Collection Analysis of Nursing Workforce 1414 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Nursing Workforce Data Healthcare Reform The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed in 2010 with the goal of expanding healthcare coverage to all Americans by reforming insurance policies and practices (Tillett, 2011). The ACA upsurges the demand for an increase in primary care providers in order to supply quality care to the much larger population that will have coverage and therefore acquiring healthcare. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) through its report The Future of Nursing: Leading ChangeRead MoreAn Explanatory Quantitative Methodology Utilizing A Multisite, Cluster Randomized Control Trial ( Rct )1539 Words   |  7 Pagesmedical-surgical unit. Explanatory-quantitative research provides a systematic, objective approach to investigate, measure, and analyze the relationship between the variables (Langford Young, 2013). A RCT follows a true experiment design using a large sample and multiple sites permitting manipulation of an independent variable, the use of a control group, and randomization of subjects (Langford You ng, 2013). RCTs allow for the generating of groups that are relatively comparable thereby reducing theRead MorePreeclampsia: A Nursing Approach. Kytcia J.Guillen Morales.1312 Words   |  6 PagesPreeclampsia: A Nursing Approach Kytcia J. Guillen Morales The University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing Health Innovation In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N4441 Nursing Care of the Childbearing Family Marti J. Hesse, RN, MSN/Ed, OB Clinical Assistant Professor February 3, 2017 Preeclampsia: A Nursing Approach Preeclampsia is one of the most common hypertensive disorders that occur during pregnancy. According to Ricci (2013), â€Å"Preeclampsia can be described as aRead MoreNurse : A Nurse As A Person Who Is Trained For Care For Sick Or Injured People?1118 Words   |  5 Pagesusually works in a hospital or doctor s office. This definition is a limited view of nursing means; a nurse is more than just a trained person that takes cares of a sick person (Nurse, n.d). What are the specific responsibilities for the role of the RN? †¢ Looks at health history of a patient and takes vital signs- during the start of a visit the nurse may have you fill out a questioner or may ask your health related questions. They will also take the vital signs and report any irregularity to the

Traumatic Brain Injury Essay - 1983 Words

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem in industrialized societies. Associations between TBI and neuropsychiatric disorders have been recognized for many years. Impulsive aggression is one of the most socially and vocationally disruptive consequences of these neuropsychiatric disorders (Tateno, 2003). Aggressions can be broadly divided in to two types: Reactive/ Impulsive aggression (RA) refers to aggression that is impulsive, emotionally charged, affective and uncontrolled. It has its theoretical roots in the frustration-tolerance theory. It is most often observed in response to a perceived threatening stimulus and is frequently accompanied by negative affect, facial expressions described as hostile, temper tantrums,†¦show more content†¦Numerous studies have documented that displays of anger are common in the traumatic brain injury population. Anger can be defined as hostile thoughts and feelings, whereas aggression captures violent behaviours. A study by Tateno et al. (2003) found that over 33% of individuals with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) demonstrated aggressive behaviours. In light of the prevalence of anger in the TBI population, it is surprising that there has been a paucity of research exploring the component pre-morbid and comorbid factors in patients with i ncreased anger following a TBI. From neurobiological point of view, Impulsive aggression is seen as a consequence of a failure in the regulation of negative emotions, such as anger, for example. This thinking of Disinhibition and hostility was found and documented by Grafman et al. (1996) in TBI patients with frontal lobe damage involving subcortical limbic structures. According to Davidson et al (2000), threatening environmental stimuli are transmitted to the amygdala, which makes projections to the basal ganglia, where they are integrated with information of the social context that comes from the orbitofrontal cortex. Appropriate behavioral responses can, therefore, be initiated through projections toward other cortical regions, hypothalamus or brain stem. Consequently, the orbitofrontal cortex and adjacent areas such as the dorsolateral prefrontalShow MoreRelatedA Traumatic Brain Injury 1708 Words   |  7 PagesA traumatic brain injury (â€Å"TBI†) occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or w ounded from an external source of force. The means of acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient’s condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild, moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influencesRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injuries772 Words   |  4 PagesEffects may be long term or short term, depending on the gravity of the incident. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem in the United States. Based on recent studies, on average, 1.7 million people endure a traumatic brain injury each year. The leading causes of Traumatic Brain Injuries are falls, motor vehicle accidents, struck by or against objects, and assaults. The initial blow causes the brain to bounce around and twist hitting the bony interior wall of the skull or anRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury1030 Words   |  5 Pagesto provide therapeutic and counseling services that assist persons suffering with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or acquired brain injury (ABI) in coping and recovering from the mental illnesses that often accompany such tragedies. TBI/ABI has shown a proven link with â€Å"anxiety, depression, personality changes, aggression (National Alliance on Mental Illness Veterans Resource Center May 8, 2009 Traumatic Brain Injury)†, as well as many other issues. As the caregiver for a survivor of a rare and deadlyRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury, also called acquired brain injury or simply head injury, is a result of a sudden blow to the head when an external force is applied causing a disruption of the physiological stability of the brain locally. It can also occur when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue and when elevation in the intracranial pressure occurs and potentially dramatic changes in the blood flow within and to the brain. These changes may produce a diminishedRead MoreSymptoms And Injuries Of A Traumatic Brain Injury841 Words   |  4 Pages Nearly two million people experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year. The degree of severity from the incident may range from no underlying brain injury to severe compression of brain tissue. Irregular interior surface of skull can damage fragile tissues of brain during acceleration, deceleration, or shearing forces. Direct mechanical trauma can injure cortical tissue. Traumatic hematomas can damage subcortical structu res and lead to vasospasm and ischemia. Sudden movement of skull onRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesInjury Stats Roughly 1.4 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury every year in the United States.1 Of these 1.4 million, 235,000 injuries are severe enough to require hospitalization—and 50,000 result in death. More than half (over 700,000) of all of these yearly brain injuries are from sports-related activities, falls, and physical assaults. In the year 2000, traumatic brain injury cost an estimated $60 billion in the United States, totaled in both direct medical fees and indirect costsRead MoreIntroduction Of Traumatic Brain Injury897 Words   |  4 PagesOutline I. The Brain II. Introduction of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) a. TBI sustained in combat zones i. Degrees of TBI ii. Causes of TBI while deployed 1. Concussion management iii. Why it is a problem III. Who Should Be Screened And How a. Suspected patients b. Methods of screening i. Rapid field screening ii. Further evaluation IV. Interventions and Treatment a. Deployed interventions i. Medications b. Nursing Interventions i. Manage symptoms ii. Family education. The human brain is a scientificRead MoreBrain Studies on Traumatic Brain Injuries1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuriesRead MoreTraumatic Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury1278 Words   |  6 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and long-term disability in children (Kraus, 1995). It is an acquired brain injury that occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain (NIH,2016). The symptoms for Traumatic Brain Injury include frequent headaches, lightheadedness and dizziness. An individual may experience having blurred vision tired eyes, and fatigue. Even stressors prior to having an injury can contribute to the result of postRead MoreImaging Of Traumatic Brain Injuries Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesImaging of Traumatic Brain Injuries: An Investigative Report INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) consist of pathological intracranial characteristics of altered brain function cause by an outside force. TBI’s have plagued emergency rooms in recent years. TBI’s are the number one cause for death and disability in American youth and young adults. The drastic increase in TBI prognosis has been credited for reasons such as; increased competitiveness in sports, increased speeds of automobiles

Macbeth GUILTY Essay Example For Students

Macbeth GUILTY Essay This was an oral presentation, in which I prosecuted Macbeth. I received a grade of A-, however was told that it was my actual presentation rather than my essay that stopped me getting a higher grade 🙂Ladies and Gentlemen, I will be brief. You have heard the testimonies and seen the evidence; it is now time for the fate of Macbeth to be decided. Today you have met scores of witnesses testify, under oath, the defendants entirely good and honest character, and have pondered as to how the King of Scotland could commit such atrocities. However, unmistakable evidence opposes such testimonies and proves beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant Macbeth killed his King, Duncan the II of Scotland, his life-long friend Banquo and Lady Macduff and her children. Over the last six months we have seen Macbeth degrade from a fearless and heroic warrior to a murderer, a conscious villain who felt extreme guilt after killing his King out of pure greed and ambition. His servant, as testified, overheard Macbeth express his guilt to his wife on the night of the murder:I am afraid to think what I have done;Look on t again I dare not. Following his crowning at Scone, King Macbeth hired three assassins to murder his long-time friend Banquo, in order to protect his crown. It was after the murder of Banquo that Macbeth then turned into an unmerciful, non-repentant tyrant. This man, once heralded a hero, became the bane of Scotland and his people. The defense has tried to manipulate facts to persuade you that Macbeth is not to blame for these murders and has placed responsibility for these deaths on everyone from Lady Macbeth to the witches, who occasionally conversed with the accused. You have heard testimonies of the three witches, who told us of their encounters with Macbeth. What sort of man would associate with such evil beings, and most of all, believe the nonsense they foresee? The witches did not directly influence Macbeth to assassinate his King, they only speculated as to what the future may hold and these predictions ignited his overwhelming ambition to become King. These associations with the witches bring serious doubts to the goodness of the defendants character. Speculations that Lady Macbeth is responsible for Duncans murder have been made by the defense. But blood found on this cloak hidden in Macbeths quarters proves without doubt that it was Macbeth who actually committed the murder. He is ultimately to blame. The accusations made by Macbeths lawyers that Lady Macbeth pressured her husband to assassinate Duncan are irrelevant. It is unthinkable that such a brave and valiant soldier could be so weak as to be influenced by his wife to commit murder, unless he had already considered doing it, or had something to gain from the death of Duncan, such as the throne of Scotland. The defense has tried to convince you that Macbeth was insane at the time of King Duncans murder. If he were not sane, would he have been seen as such a well-loved and courageous soldier? Would he have been so respected by his King to be honoured with the title of Thane of Cawdor, had he been ill at mind? These notions themselves are insane! Macbeth was sane and rational at the time of the murder! Yes, Macbeth did show signs of derangement a week after the murder at the banquet, as testified by Ross, who attended the feast and described to you the accuseds strange behaviour. Could an innocent man be driven mad over a period of a week? It was his conscience, my friends, which drove him insane!After the pre-meditated murders of Duncan and Banquo, the pressures of being King, and the mounting guilt of the murders he had committed, were increasing. Overheard by his servant, Macbeth said to his wifeI am in blood, Steppd in so farThe outlet for his rage was Lady Macduff and her family. This pointless, and motiveless, massacre shows the cruelty and immorality that has become a part of Macbeth. He did not stand to gain anything from the deaths of these innocent people. No longer was he the honoured soldier, or the compassionate King, but the brutal tyrant. We must stop making excuses for this cold-hearted man. He was not influenced by his wife or witchcraf t. He was sane when he brutally murdered his King. He was influenced only by his ambition and greed to become King; he was influenced by his selfishness and hunger for power. From hero to heartless tyrant, this is the tragedy of Macbeth. Ladies and Gentlemen, his time has come. Macbeths fate lies in your hands. I trust that you will make the right judgment.

Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Solar photovoltaic (PV) uses solar cells to capture energy from sunlight and converts it to electricity by photovoltaic effect through assembling solar cells. Transmitted through solar modules and solar panels, sunlight is easily converted to solar power that can be supplied to off-grid areas as alternative to power solutions in remote and dispersed communities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Solar photovoltaic (PV) project is a predominant technology that consists of 10-100 Wp of solar PV panel that attract solar radiations through daylight and stores the energy in the automobile battery which is then transmitted through cabling and low-wattage Dc lamps (Energy and Mining Sector Board, 2007). Practical application of photovoltaic cells producing electricity from sunlight is applied by connecting a series of modules, interconnected in parallels or series creating an array of an additive voltage. Photons in sunlight hit solar panels and absorbed by silicon (semiconducting materials) (Shive, 1959). Electrons being charged are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow through the silicon in a single direction to produce electricity (silicon) (Lorenzo et al, 1994, p.78; Smee, 1849). Arrays of solar cells are convert the solar energy into usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity which could be applied to development activities such as water pumping, small cottage industry, poultry rearing, fish farming among others (Lorenzo et al, 1994, p.78; Anderson 2001). Introduction Science and technology has defined desired service outcome for end users. Use of solar photovoltaic technology has amplified and transformed the rural poor population who can not afford electricity (Wolf, 1976). It requires active participation of community members, who are the end users beneficiaries and the government, should actively participate to foresee the project completion. This essay demonstrates how technology sector, for this instance, Solar photovoltaic (PV), a solar energy that is currently processed by World Bank in Bangladesh has incredibly transformed the living standards of the rural poor population.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Data obtained for this analysis is culmination research efforts gathered between World Bank projects and extensive assessment performed by a group of industry practitioners in Bangladesh in pursue of project management and Information technology programs. Developing countries have over the years been striving to provide energy solutions to the poor marginalized areas. Despite many projects that have been implemented for years, more than 1.5 billion people in developing countries mostly in the Sub- Saharan African region and South Asia remain without access to electricity services today. In this regard, World Bank continue to implement projects to meet Bangladesh lightening and other basic energy needs since majority of the households in the rural areas depend on expensive fuel based energy power such as kerosene, which are indeed inefficient and polluting. World Bank’s project uses renewable energy-based technologies ranging from solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to micro hydropower to off-grid areas as alternative to power solutions in remote and dispersed communities (Lorenzo, 1994). This projected has also been accelerated due to the recent increment of fuel prices. Among the financiers, World Bank is the leading sponsor of the off-grid electrification benefiting more than 1 million households including both small and medium size enterprises. Solar Thermal Power Plant in Bangladesh enabled sustainment of community development activities such as water pumping, small cottage industry, poultry rearing, fish farming among others. The study starts by mentioning impacts of solar photovoltaic (PV) on Bangladesh society, problems inherent within the project application of solar photovoltaic (PV) in Bangladesh rural development, national subsidiaries and the government working to meet the basic energy needs. The analysis did however conclude that PV improved living standards and the livelihood of the rural poor population.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This therefore brings us to the conclusion that technology is indeed a practice that requires testing regimes to arrive at best practices. In this regard, understanding both internal and external processes rather than relying on the prescribed best practices within information technology industry is very important. Overview of Bangladesh Community Many rural communities in Bangladesh require energy solutions to sustain their economic a ctivities. Many of their projects are usually constrained by lack of modern supply of energy and jeopardized their ability to live above poverty levels. Economic activities related to water pumping, small cottage industry, poultry rearing, fish farming among others are very important in sustaining community development. Many of these projects require small amount of power as low as 100w to 3kW, which could be provided by PV. In this case, the government should initiate and enhance productive activities for long-term project sustainability. This brought us to the conclusion that the major ingredients to providing off-grid require technical assistance and adequate financing from the government, private subsidiaries and international donors. Therefore the costs of PV built to serve the off-grid community need to be justified in its productive loads especially in daytime when the sunshine is out enough to supply nighttime household loads, otherwise the wall project would not be cost eff ective (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.15). Bangladeshi government should ensure that regulatory requirements designed for off-grid markets are appropriate, devise reporting and service quality standards in rural areas and set lower costs that can be redistributed over an extended period (Reiche et al, 2006). For PV services for instance, Reiche et al (2006) argues that the only regulatory body that would foresee the completion of the project would be the government that provides subsidies for system purchase and installation.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reiche and his colleagues (2006) add that regulatory actions involve accreditation of participating companies, settings and enforcing standards (preferably adopting internationally accepted standards), verification of installation, and random monitoring of system performance-actions that World Bank-supported projects usually require of counterpart government agencies (p.7). Impacts of solar photovoltaic (PV) on Bangladesh society Solar photovoltaic (PV) and SHS technical options enhance affordability and provide smaller, lower-power solar systems that offer lower quantity of service without compromising its quality (Cabraal et al, 1996). For example, Cabraal and his colleagues (1996) analysis demonstrate that a solar panel costing $ 50 to $75 would provide 3-4hours of lighting on a daily basis. Also, the SHS costing $ 600 can operate up to 3-4 hours of lighting and radio daily. LED technology advances are also cost efficient and can also be adopted into the most marginalized and ret ail infrastructure. Overall, adequate attention to SHS products and services are needed lead to reduced costs and replacements less expensive (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.19). World Bank investment projects have over the years made impressive gains in improving electricity access specifically in developing countries. It’s estimated that majority of Bangladesh population both in rural and marginalized areas has no access to electricity. Poor household here are defined as people living in off-grid areas with low-income levels. Government programs in Bangladesh should in this case prioritize allocation of scarce resources. This is because unprivileged populations are found to be concentrated in the rural communities. However, the costs required to electrify this places vary significantly. Marginal areas have been without electricity for sometime since private organizations are unwilling to connect customers because if the inherent high costs installation and with lower tariffs. In re ality, private sectors prefer to concentrate on grid intensification due to lower cost per connection and easier to implement. Government projects are rarely off-grid decisions and its time they supported energy initiatives that would stimulate the growth of micro-enterprises that would benefit the economy. For these reasons, some off-grid projects have been neglected hence the need for World Bank sponsorship. The spatial-analysis of power line being plotted in Bangladesh is one of such example (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.4). Rural renewable electrification programs such as solar photovoltaic (PV) are increasingly becoming popular in developing countries as a means of providing alternative energy sources to rural poor population. PV technology varies significantly in design and implementation as well as its degree of success. Lorenzo and his colleagues (1994) argue that sustainability of this programs are widely successful with collective participation from the local government, donor f unding and the community. Solar photovoltaic tends to be a technical demonstration project and relies totally on funding from donor organizations and local governments. In this regard, World Bank projects aimed at mainstreaming sustainable development principles into development aspects, is projected as a primary donor for community sustainment. It mobilizes efforts from community, the government and private-sectors to improve coordination among environmental institutions both internationally and locally. World Bank projects have over the years been accredited with increasing the capacity of environmental issues and awareness of community on environmental issues by encouraging their active participation to monitor environmental quality. According to Yongxoue et al (2003), World Bank’s main objective is to â€Å"integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources† (p.10). It’s quit e clear that access to energy solutions would incredibly improve Bangladesh’s welfare. According to Cabraal et al (2008) research, there are about 260 million rural household without access to electricity. It is evidenced that majority of these households reside in either dispersed or small villages far form the city centers. World Bank is therefore trying to bridge this gap by implementing projects that provide electricity to such neglected areas using technology options approaches such as solar photovoltaic that have attained commercial maturity over the past 15-20 years. Based on practical knowledge gathered from various literatures and international experience accumulated through the past and on going World Bank operations, World Bank’s unique projects offer basic design principles of project management and sound practices and prescribe solutions for success (Cabraal et al, 2008). Solar photovoltaic projects aimed at improving lives and livelihood opportunities hav e helped those who can not afford personal house connections. From the perspective of data gathered from various literatures, such technological applications increase the economic attractiveness of the community. Issues surrounding solar photovoltaic (PV) It’s evidenced that a station with 2kw capacity charged battery can serve up to 50 households. The only disadvantage is that the solar powered batteries can only serve people living near the station since the battery must be transported to and from the charging station once a week. On the other hand however, Barkat (2003) argues that â€Å"in some projects, quality systems were installed without providing for longer-term maintenance, which harmed the reputation of the project and technology† (p.6). Also,lack of donor funding and the inability to reach the off-grid areas due to poor infrastructure has always been a major obstacle in realizing rural solar electrification objective. Bangladesh management team on the othe r hand lacked awareness in decision making level. The country had not prioritized solar development plan and poor coordination among line agencies at local levels to foresee the project completion were evident. There were so many undergoing projects, but locals lacked understanding of the project activities and how it would benefit them. Locals assumed that the project only targeted long term impacts which made them less motivated and more concerned about short term direct impacts. This brought us to the conclusion that complex issues in developing countries require more practical solutions to solve the problem in the community in a short-term basis. Even though, solar energy projects have been stated as one of the Bangladesh’s national development plan priority, in fact, it’s shocking to realize that the country has given the project less priority since its implementation (Yongxoue et al, 2003, p.3). Sibanda and Mahbub (2003) states that World Bank acted as an adminis trator for the Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) with grants of a total of $8.3 million to sponsor part of the costs for installation of Solar Home Systems (PV) and renewable energy mini-grids for poor households located in Bangladesh rural areas (p.2). The projects benefited more than 14,000 households and over 5000 small to medium enterprises. Some of the projects included irrigation pumps, poultry farms and as well as timber mills in the rural areas. The ongoing project is expected to enable majority of poor rural population and dispersed areas have access to affordable energy through the PV and mini-grid projects. Zafrul Islam as quoted in Sibanda and Mahbub (2003) states that the GPOBA projects will support the Government of Bangladesh’s goal to ensure that the entire country has access to electricity by 2021. 80% of Bangladesh’s population live in rural areas and are also the group most affected by a lack of sufficient electricity generation. These p rojects will help 140,000 more households gain access to affordable electricity (p.1). Sibanda and Mahbub (2003) continue that the proposed PV project will reduce PV installation costs benefiting off-grid areas. Mr. Islam Sharrif as quoted in Sibanda and Mahbub (2003) adds that our mission at IDCOL is to encourage private sector investment in energy and infrastructure projects,† said Mr. Islam Sharif, CEO of IDCOL. The output-based aid approach has an impressive track record to date because it helps low income households gain access to electricity and makes it attractive for the private sector to offer services to the poor (p.2). In his statement Mr. Islam Sharrif concluded that the amount paid by GPOBA was seen as an incentive for business in the country to offer services to the poor people and the World Bank out-put based approach will ensure that payments made go directly to the qualifying household access to PV installation (Sibanda and Mahbub, 2003, p.2). Since its establ ishment in 2003, GPOBA has sponsored various projects including education, infrastructure and health designed to create incentives for efficiency and long-term development projects. Bangladeshi government should play an active role by funding and inviting proposals from private sectors, rural energy fund and support such investments on qualifying bidders. In either case, the governments sound practice to subsidize a portion of the capital costs while the community and private sectors balances the investment costs and full cost of the operation and maintenance. The third approach calls for active participation of government-contracted projects or public utilities operating in marginalized areas. Here, the government takes full charge by regulating tariffs which is an equivalent to the lifeline tariff of rural grid customers. In other words, utility operator is provided a subsidy from a public source as part of capital operations and maintenance costs. This model is also evident in th e Philippines where the government funds its micro-operation projects. For Bangladesh case, World Bank project centered on off-grid SHS has enabled rural electrification. With regard to World Bank projects, the dealer aspect often incorporates micro-finance assistance, which deals with the initial high upfront costs (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.20). In this case, mobilization of both government and sponsoring agencies is required since off-grid electrification is difficult to implement. Persistence and efforts from the government in support of World Bank projects are very important in ensuring completion of the projects. Government commitment to revive subsidiary slack when external financing ends to ensure the completion of the project is also required. Alternative Views After extensive research, I realized that long-term sustainability of the project will depend on many factors either than just technology. First of all, Cabraal and his colleagues (2008) argue that Bangladesh will requi re effective prioritization and adequate planning to ensure implementation of technological solutions, infrastructure and financial are provided for long-term purposes. Drawing on World Bank’s experience in design and implementing off-grid electrification projects, rural electrification solar projects guidance and insights into fundamental design principles for sustainability and sound practices for effective decision-making in Bangladesh will an effective solution (Cabraal et al, 2008). Secondly, active participation of government-contracted projects or public utilities operating in marginalized areas. World Bank projects should incorporate micro-finance assistance to deal with the initial high upfront costs. It has often been argued that reduced capital costs subsequently improve affordability of capital-intensive off-grid technologies. Some countries oppose the off-grid technologies, encouraging further consumption of high fuel. The implementation of solar PV have simplifi ed energy solutions and enabled Bangladesh to build long-term relationship with its donors and subsidiaries hence reducing the share of costs attributed to management and overhead costs (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.20). To ensure the likelihood of sustainability of the projects, Cabraal and his colleagues (2008) argue that Bangladesh government should play a role of off-grid options by simplifying regulations, appointing competent and dedicated project management staff to foresee the completion of the project. Since the project is technology driven, the project should include cost effective analysis to determine the least-cost solutions and our technology choice will be based practical considerations. Deliverance mechanisms and consumer service for off-grid projects specifically rely on private sector participation in line with local realities which enable access to quality and affordable products and services in the long-term. In order to increase affordability, Sibanda and Mahbub (2003 ) argue that off-grid electrification project in the rural Bangladesh must include subsidiaries, low-cost energy options like PV for this instance, consumer financing and finally polices and business practice. Role of subsidiaries in this case would be to foresee the completion of grid-based rural electrification to off-grid areas that have poor and dispersed population. It has also been argued that technologies for decentralized service have the ability to configure individual units that have higher investment costs to low fuel and operating costs compared to fuel-based supply systems. In some cases, the resulting energy costs may be higher that what a potential customer is willing to pay and subsidiaries in this case help off-grid consumers afford the upfront costs of access (Sibanda and Mahbub, 2003, p.17). Subsidiaries provided by PV in World Bank projects in Bangladesh reflects wide variations of systems costs, government attitudes towards subsidiary support and willingness to pay levels. For example, the PV subsidiary projects known as the RERED include PV system size of 20-70 WP with approximately 12 % cost in subsidiary range. Subsidiary financing can be gained from micro-financial institutions, banks and leasing companies. Such arrangements can increase affordability by spreading first costs over several years. Therefore strong partnership between microfinance institutions and energy companies would facilitate fast off-grid lending programs (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.19). Implications on Education The main objective of PV electrification is to ensure potential productive applications are likely to be fruitful once the PV is built. For effective implementation, early identification of local participant for the PV project, assisting individuals in developing business plan and identifying financial modalities. Sometimes over optimisms evaluation of potential productive application may be impractical to implement since they do not indicate significant potent ial for utilization. Institutional and community application are also important to ensuring off-grid electrification come to its full potential. For example, community centers around at the projects areas such as hospitals and schools can voluntary give assistance by financing the projects. In a business model perspective, World Bank or donor-funded institutions that have offered critical mass of assistance for PV market packages are offered bidding where the highest bidder is given the right to sell the PV to local households at subsidized rates and even a contract to install the PV systems to selected institutions. An important feature of this model is that the project enables long term maintenance and services that meet specific service standards (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.16). Bangladesh government should be actively involved in decision making, planning and implementation of the program and in selection of the program objectives. Raising community awareness by offering education o n reasons to which the programs are being implemented, the actual benefits of the program and causes of any factors that contribute to their apparent success or lack of success should be highly prioritized. Comprehensive set of success criteria and a road map followed by program planners and implementers should be provided to ensure success of the PV program. Since off-grid projects that rely on private sector participation, Bangladeshi government should employ simplest technological solutions that commensurate with local realities and support donor initiatives to foresee the project success. Lack of education threatens the progress achieved by any development and jeopardizes the main objective of community development. Community members who are not acculturated to technology use must be provided with adequate training and encouraged to participate in development initiatives with the aim of increasing awareness. Community involvement in development initiatives should be incorporated right from the planning phase of development projects, to ensure that their positive impacts can be sustained in the long term. With this regard, Information on ongoing operations, maintenance and replacement costs, alongside national recycling programs must be made and education arrangements made to ensure safe disposal of hazardous waste. Subsidiaries for off-grid populations are often justified on social equity grounds, what Barnes and Halpern (2000) defines as their ability to help rural dwellers to attain a level of parity by extending infrastructure costs and lifelines tariffs. In market imperfection aspect, Barnes and Halpern (2000) states that â€Å"lack of adequate information regarding specific opportunities, true cost of service and unavailable long-term financing often slow down the already economic off-grid projects or those that are close to completion† (p.5). Therefore appropriate designed subsidiaries for off-grid electrification enables the completion of phy sical interventions to occur by providing the otherwise uninterested investors with financial incentives and support. Barnes and Halpern (2000) add that project management mechanisms that mostly target the economic projects of the needy societies are usually effective if they incorporate implementation program that work. For example, it’s considered more effective to subsidize the upfront costs to consumers or business costs in dispersed areas than operating costs (Cabraal et al, 2008, p.18). Conclusion Off-grid projects that rely on private sector participation should employ simplest delivery mechanisms that commensurate with local realities. Here, Bangladeshi government should seek assistance from service providers, assess risks involved, provide technical assistance and provide technical assistance where appropriate. Before project implementation, choice of technologies must be tested for practical considerations like availability of adequate resources, ease of operations and maintenance and access to spare parts. Also, data should be collected across various sectors that would be willing to use the services which would be factored into technology selection process. For PV for example, the govenement should cooperate with World Bank in providing data on energy consumption and income levels’ while the choice on appropriate technologies should be left to service provider with investment parameters to consider. The conception and implementation of the PV project must always be consistence with the overall rural lighting plan for Bangladeshi. In this regard, the project should steer clear of ad-hoc factors that may kill the come to completion. Within early its early assessment phase, the Bangladeshi government should pay highest priority to raising community awareness, involve and support donor initiatives to foresee the project success. Promotion programs and community meeting alongside national recycling programs must be made and education arran gements to ensure safe disposal of hazardous waste. References Anderson, D. (2001). Clean electricity from photovoltaic’s. London: Imperial College Press. Barkat, A. (2003). Rural Electrification and Poverty Reduction: Case of Bangladesh. Paper presented at Sustainable Rural Electrification in Developing Countries: Is It Possible?, International conference of NRECA International, 6, 1-3 Barnes, D. F., and Halpern, J. (2000).Subsidies and Sustainable Rural Energy  Services: Can We Create Incentives Without Distorting Markets? Washington, DC: World Bank Cabraal, A., Cosgrove, M., Schaeffer, L. (1996). Best Practices for Photovoltaic Household Electrification Programs. Asia Technical Department Series, 324, 1 Cabraal, A., Terrado, E., Mukherjee, I. (2008). Designing Sustainable Off-Grid Rural Electrification Projects: Principles and Practice. The Energy and Mining Sector Board, 2, 1-34 Energy and Mining Sector Board. (2007). Catalyzing Private Investment for a Low  Ã‚  Carb on Economy: WorldBank Group Progress on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Fiscal 2007. Washington, DC: World Bank. Lorenzo, E., Araujo, G., Zilles, R. (1994). Solar electricity: engineering of  photovoltaic systems. Spain: Barnes Noble. Lorenzo, E. (1994). Solar electricity: Engineering of photovoltaic systems. Prongesa. Reiche, K., Tenenbaum, B., Torres, C. (2006). Electrification and Regulation:  Principles and a Model Law. Energy and Mining Sector Board DiscussionPaper No. 18. Washington, DC: World Bank. Shive, J. N. (1959). Semiconductor devices. Van Nostrand Sibanda, J., Mahbub, M. (2003). World Bank-administered GPOBA and IDCOL help low-income households in Bangladesh access electricity. News Release, 10, 1-2 Smee, A. (1849). Electro-Biology: The Voltaic mechanism of man. London: Longman Press Wolf, M. (1976). Historical development of solar cells :25th power sources  symposium. C.E Backuss: IEEE Press Yongxue, C., Sunny, G., Giannelia, M., Hughes, A., Johnso n, A., Khoo, T. (2003). Identifying Best Practices in Information Technology Project Management. Organizational Development, 30, 1-22. This essay on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) was written and submitted by user Dario Snow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Introduction Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) may be described as the type of diseases that are typically transmitted when an infected person engages in sexual intercourse with an uninfected person. A good and very common example is gonorrhea. It is caused by a bacterium, Neisseria gonorrheae, whose growth is favorable in the warm and humid parts of the human reproductive system.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sexually Transmitted Diseases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In. women, the bacterium can grow in the uterus, cervix as well as the fallopian tube because these areas have favorable conditions for its growth and multiplication. In both men and women, it can grow in the urethra as well as the mouth and the anus. Gonorrhea has been a very common STD in the U.S. with an estimate of over seven hundred thousand people being infected every year with only half of the infections being reported to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In 1980s and early 1990s, the rate of nationwide gonorrhea infections had reduced due to the introduction of a program to control gonorrhea in the mid 1970s. However, after many years of control, the rate elevated once more with 120 infections in every 100 000 population. Transmission Gonorrhea, just like other STDs, is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person. The transmission may occur through anal entry besides the normal vaginal entry. Transmission may as well occur from mother to child. Engaging in a sexual relationship does not, however, mean that someone will get infected but rather may get infections that are transmitted sexually such as scabies. People who have had gonorrhea and received treatment are at a higher risk of being reinfected once they have sexual intercourse. Most infections in the U.S. occur among teenagers who engage in sexual activities. Anyone that is sexually active regardless of age can as well get infected. Signs of gonorrhea Not all men will show indications of gonorrhea infection. In some other cases, the signs may only take five days to show after infection has occurred. Generally, the signs of gonorrhea infection take as long as thirty days to show. The common symptoms in men include discharges from the penis alongside a very strong feeling of heat when one is urinating as well as experiencing a lot of pain in the testicles. Others will experience frequent urination (â€Å"Sexually Transmitted Diseases† 1). Most women who are infected with gonorrhea do not show any sign at all, but in others, the symptoms are often not severe. Other infected women have non-specific symptoms that are more likely to be thought of as vaginal infections. Just like men, infect women may initially experience painful urination. Other symptoms include increased passage of fluids through the vagina, a painful abdomen and excessive discharge of blood in between menstrual periods.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite having less severe symptoms, women infected with gonorrhea are at higher risks of suffering from other diseases that are associated with gonorrhea. Both men and women may experience rectal symptoms such as anal itching, bleeding and discharge. When the throat is infected, the patient is likely to develop a sore throat. Fever may also be experienced in both infected men and women (â€Å"Gonorrhea Overview† 1). Diagnosis There are different laboratory tests for diagnosing gonorrhea besides a sexual and medical history. Samples from cervix, throat, urethra or the rectum can be obtained and analyzed in a medical laboratory. The easiest and fast laboratory test is the Gram stain test which helps in identification of the bacterium through observation under a microscope. Other tests include culture of samples and rapid test. The genital area may al so be examined by the doctor. An internal pelvic examination may also be conducted in women (â€Å"Gonorrhea Overview† 1). Treatment Both men and women who are infected with gonorrhea can be treated using antibiotics which may be administered in pill form or may be given as an injection. Some antibiotics only require a single dose to be given with only a few taking longer courses (â€Å"Gonorrhea† 1). The most common antibiotics used for treatment of gonorrhea are Ofloxacin and Cefixine. Hospitalization may be where complications have occurred especially in women who might develop pelvic inflammatory disease. It is equally important to inform the doctor or medical practitioner of a pregnancy because there are some antibiotics that should not be used by expectant mothers as well as young people below the age of eighteen years (â€Å"Sexually Transmitted Diseases† 1). Early diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea is important in preventing other complications such as loss of fertility. The prescribed antibiotics should be taken appropriately to prevent resistance of the Neisseria gonorrheae bacterium to antibiotics. Complications associated with gonorrhea When gonorrhea is not treated early enough, the patient may suffer serious and complicated health problems. Women are more likely to experience abdominal pain and fever if the infection is not treated early enough. Its long time effect is damage of the fallopian tube and this can have adverse effects to the point of casing infertility. It also increases the chances of the patient to have an ectopic pregnancy where a fertilized egg grows outside the womb threatening the life of the mother and her unborn child (â€Å"Gonorrhea† 1). Infected men may experience pain in the ducts of testicles if the infection is not treated. If untreated, this condition may cause infertility. In some cases, gonorrhea spreads to joints and blood threatening the life of the infected person. This can happen to both men and women. People infected with gonorrhea have higher chances of contracting HIV virus as well as easily transmitting the HIV virus to other people who do not have gonorrhea (â€Å"Gonorrhea† 1). Prevention The most effective way of preventing gonorrhea infection is abstinence from sexual relationships or engaging in a monogamous sexual relationship. It is advisable for both partners to get tested to ensure that no one is infected before having an intercourse. Condoms when used appropriately can reduce the possibility of an infection.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sexually Transmitted Diseases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Genital symptoms, commonly discharges and painful urination, should be reported to a doctor and sexual intercourse stopped immediately. Patients that have been treated for gonorrhea should inform their sex partners so that they can assistance from a health care practition er. People that are infected with gonorrhea should not engage in any sexual relationship unless they get cured completely (â€Å"Gonorrhea† 1). As infected mothers give birth, the infection may pass to the baby as well. Conclusion Gonorrhea is a serious disease that can cause health complications which may lead to death of infected persons. It is important for sexually active individuals to take preventive measures to avoid new infections. Having only a single sex partner should be exercised to prevent infections. When initial signs appear, individuals should see a doctor to prevent development of health Works Cited Diseases and Conditions. â€Å"Gonorrhea†. 2010. Web. Gonorrhea. â€Å"Gonorrhea Overview†. 2010. Web. McHenry, Kennedy. â€Å"Sexually Transmitted Diseases.† 2010. Web. Samuelson, Javies. â€Å"Gonorrhea.† 2010. Web. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. â€Å"Gonorrhea – CDC Fact Sheet†. 2010. Web.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on Sexually Transmitted Diseases was written and submitted by user Amy Mcpherson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communications and Media Digital Media

Communications and Media Digital Media Introduction Digital media is digitized content such as graphics, text, video and audio that can be transmitted over the internet and the computer networks. It is also a kind of electronic media in which data is stored and transmitted in digital form contrary to the usual analog form.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Communications and Media: Digital Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The conversion and processing of the information in a digital media occurs in a digital format. There are several examples of digital media, but this paper is only going to analyze the digital television as a form of digital media (Jordan 15). Digital Television (DTV) Digital television is the transmission of video and audio in multiplexed signal, which is digitally processed as opposed to the analog data of the channeled separated signals of a non digital television. It signifies the adaptation and implementation of a diver sified number of broadcasting standards, which include the advanced television system committee (ATSC), the digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVB-T), the terrestrial integrated services digital broadcasting (ISDB-T) and the digital terrestrial multimedia broadcasting (DTMB) (Kruger and Guerrero 31). The advanced television system committee system uses the 8 level vestigial sideband for broadcasting terrestrial while the digital video broadcasting terrestrial system utilizes the coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing modulation and also supports the hierarchical transmission. The United States and some other few counties are the only ones that have adopted the advanced television system committee (ATSC). The digital video broadcasting terrestrial has to a large extent been adopted by most countries in Europe. On the other hand, the terrestrial integrated services digital broadcasting has a design that offers good reception to not only receivers that are fixed but also to the mobile or portable receivers. This system utilizes the two dimensional interleaving and the OFDM. The hierarchical transmission supports up to three layers besides using the advanced audio coding and the MPEG-2 video. Japan is the only country that has notably adopted this standard.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Meanwhile, the digital terrestrial multimedia broadcasting utilizes the time domain synchronous (TDS)-OFDM technology that makes use of a pseudo random signal frame that serves as the training symbol OFDM block’s gaurd interval. The DTMB standard has been adopted in the People’s Republic of China, Macau and Hong Kong. The broadcast television systems are supported by the digital television, which is displayed using a combination aspect of ratio and size. The digital terrestrial television broadcasting divides the format ra nges into the standard definition television (SDTV) and the high definition television (HDTV). The high definition television transmits the high definition video and can be transmitted over DTV in either the 1280*720 pixels using the progressive scan mode or the 1920Ãâ€"1080 pixels by the use of interlaced video mode. Both of them require the 16:9 aspect ratio for transmission. This makes the high definition television incapable of being transmitted using the analog systems that most current television sets utilize. This helps curb the issues that arise due to channel capacity. The standard definition television uses different technological formats depending on the technological applications of the territorial country. Cases in point include the use of 4:3 broadcasts in 640Ãâ€"480 format in NTSC countries and 720Ãâ€"576 in PAL countries. The 16:9 broadcasts uses the 704Ãâ€"480 format in NTSC countries and 720Ãâ€"576 in PAL countries. In order to save the bands, these resolution s can be reduced by broadcasters (Benoit 46). Conclusion Digital media has revolutionized the media industry and made data storage, processing and transmission easier. In this event many media players have embraced such technologies in their operations. The digital television has ensured that the analog television system stays in the past as it provides the viewers with crystalline clear images. It should therefore be the way to go for every media house and every viewer.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Communications and Media: Digital Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benoit, Herve. Digital Television: MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and Principles of the Dvb System. Oxford: Focal Press, 2002. Print. Jordan, Peter. Digital Media. Ultimo: Career FAQs, 2007. Print. Kruger, Lennard G., and Peter F, Guerrero. Digital Television: An Overview. Hauppauge:Nova Publishers, 2002. Print.

Differences nuclear power between france and germany Research Paper

Differences nuclear power between france and germany - Research Paper Example The first usage of the nuclear energy was to use it as a weapon and the nuclear bomb was thrown on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The World War took a massive step in the history of nuclear energy research and the need of nuclear technology. Nuclear technology was required for the need of making the atom bomb. There was a race between all the powers to use this form of energy to deadly effects. America won and became the first to introduce it on the grander stage. Later as the war ended the race for nuclear technology did not end introducing a new usage for nuclear power-energy. France initially was extremely motivated towards the race of atomic warheads and weapons. However, in the field of energy development France did not concentrate much effort until the first oil supply shock of 1973. After the shock the government decided to concentrate solely on expanding the country’s nuclear power capacity. This decision was taken by the government looking at the fact that France had the engineering expertise and capacity but had very few other energy sources. Nuclear energy was a viable option because of its low output cost and high efficiency if managed effectively. (World Nuclear Association, 2011) Like many other countries Germany started the pursuit of nuclear energy in the 1950s. However, in the decade Germany was only able to develop a few reactors and none of them was on a commercial scale. Between 1960 and 1970 none of the reactors introduced be Germany could produce more than 1000 MW. The first commercial nuclear power station was introduced in 1969. First the reaction of the French will be analyzed. The survey commissioned by the state electricity producer EDF has conducted March 15 and 16 after earthquake in Japan on March 11. 1000 sample, 55 percent said they did not support the argument that the most important French Green Party to abandon nuclear energy. About 42 per cent is worth it. (Reuters, 2011) CÃ ©cile Duflot, leader of the Green Party

To what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business Essay

To what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business people to act ethically - Essay Example Nevertheless, the idea of ethics in business has gained momentum and until now much effort is being invested in turning business ethical (eg. Maclagan, 2008; Zolsnia, 2006). In lieu with this, the paper intends to address the question, to what extent is there a responsibility on the part of business people to act ethically? In order to answer this question, the electronic databases Academic Research Premier and Business Search Premier were searched using a combination of the following key terms: business ethics, social responsibility, and organization. Articles written only in English and published from the period of 1990 till 2008 were selected. Articles that provided an analysis of ethics and social responsibility in connection with business were included in the selection. Correspondingly, excluded in the selection were editorials, case studies, commentaries, mimeographs, and pamphlets. The reference list of the articles was searched to identify additional relevant publications. Moreover, it should be noted that the question that will be answered in this paper already has certain assumptions embedded within in the question itself. These assumptions are: first, business people are already expected to act ethically and as such, the necessity of clarifying the ‘extent’ of their responsibility becomes a little urgent. Second, the question also assumes that acting ethically falls within the concept of responsibility attributed to business people. This particular assumption has been criticised on the premise that as scholars in business and organizations continue to assume that acting ethically is a responsibility of business people and business, they fail to provide a clear conceptual analysis of the concept of responsibility (Comite, 2008). Thus, a vague appreciation of the connection between responsibility and acting ethically in

Film genre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film genre - Essay Example The initial Star Wars commenced as deliberate attempts by the author mainly to capture the underlying perception of the ancient science fiction and corresponding and escapade serials mainly employed in the operation prior to the featuring of the films within the movie theaters. The hallmark of the underlying serials in regard to the audience is not depicted within the initial episodes of the story and was mostly captured solely on the action. Thus, Lucas commences his film genre sequence with the Episode four that is the New Hope coupled with long scrolling illustrative text. He distinctly strives to evoke the underlying identical sense of being thrown into the underlying center of action. Nevertheless, Lucas encounter problem in regarding to big budget science fiction film because of the inadequacy of the generic models of drawing inspiration. This is also evident lack of similarity films made in the genre except for the very B- movies whose corny view Lucas struggling. In the previous respectable science fiction films, Lucas imaginably turns to inspiration such as in the A Space Odyssey (1968) and corresponding Andrei Tarkovsky’s Solaris (1972). Nevertheless, both the films were slow moving in regard to the philosophical art films that are not the kind of the underlying lofty adventure of Lucas. The genre that looks to be offering best combination of relatively lofty adventure, extensive setting and corresponding classic characters is found in the western. Western is a genre encompasses both the serial shoot that is it possess em-up adventures and corresponding epic tales set within a grand landscape. For instance, the prevailing rowdy cantina at the Mos Eisley spaceport is depicted as a setting of the frontline saloon full of the gamesters and corresponding rowdies thus lifted from any number of the western films. Moreover, Han Solo bears a robust resemblance to the underlying classic western gun for leasing with

The Impact Of Liquidity On Profitability Finance Essay

The Impact Of Liquidity On Profitability Finance Essay Padachi observed the trends in working capital management and its impact on performance of a firm. Return on assets and cash conversion cycle was used to measure the firms profitability and efficiency of working capital management respectively. He described that a firm should maintain stability between profitability and liquidity while maintaining its day to day activities. The manager of a business want to maximize firms value by achieving preferred tradeoff between liquidity and profitability of a firm. The results indicated that the more investment in inventories and receivables lower the profitability of a firm. Raheman Nasr (2007) discussed the impact of working capital management on profitability of a firm. They also highlighted that the basic objective of a firm is to maximize profit but maintaining liquidity is also an important objective. There will be a serious problem if firm increase profit at the cost of liquidity. Both objectives are important for the firm. If a firm does not concerned about profit then it cannot survive for a longer period. On the other hand, if a firm does not concern about liquidity it may face bankruptcy. They took 94 firms of Pakistan and analyzed that there is a negative relationship between liquidity and profitability of a firm. Michalski (2008) empirically analyzed the relationship between firms policy regarding net working investment and firms profitability. Too low liquidity level may come up problems with timely reimbursement of its liabilities while surplus liquid assets would negatively affect firms profitability. He discussed that decisions regarding liquidity is very difficult, a firm has to choose one of the three policies: first an aggressive policy i.e. a large part of the firms fixed and volatile demand to finance fixed assets is supported with short term financing, second a moderate policy i.e. a fixed part of current assets is financed with long term funds and volatile part is financed with short term funds lastly a conservative policy i.e. both fixed and volatile parts of current assets are financed with long term funds. Dash Hanuman (2009) were concerned about working capital management and they analyzed the liquidity-profitability trade-off model named as goal programming model. They supported that proper flow of fund is needed to run any business. A firm has conflicting objectives regarding liquidity and profitability so the goal programming model determines how targeted levels of profitability and liquidity would be achieved by maintaining current and fixed assets and at the same time minimizing opportunity cost. Their model proposed that working capital and inventory must be streamlined to profitability. Nazir Afza (2009) tried to find out the relation between aggressive working capital management policy and firms profitability by using panel data regression model and Tobins q of 204 Pakistani companies for the period of 1998-2005. They claimed that investors give importance to stocks of those firms which adopt aggressive policies to manage current liabilities. Their findings suggested that aggressive working capital investment and financing policies and profitability are negatively associated. They claimed that investors consider that firms which have less long term loans and equity can have better performance than the others. Burtescu (2010) documented the reflection of liquidity and profitability of a company in the accounting result. He emphasized that it is not adequate for a firm to follow only economic indicators but it is also essential for a firm to make sure its liquidity in its quality of a specific dimension of financial management. The information about solvency and liquidity are beneficial for a firm to predict the ability of a firm to fulfill its financial obligations. He argued that investors have a great concern about the cash flow of a company and it becomes obligatory for a firm to include cash flow statement in its annual financial statements. Gill, Biger Mathur (2010) attempted to examine the relationship between working capital management and profitability. They used sample of 88 firms listed on New York Stock Exchange for the period of 2005-2007. The results suggested that the relationship between cash conversion cycle and gross profit margin is statistically significant. They also concluded that account receivables and profitability are negatively associated. The managers can enhance profits of their company by handling the cash conversion cycle efficiently. Mohamad Saad (2010) attempted to scrutinize the impact of working capital management on profitability and market valuation of a firm. They analyzed the secondary data of 172 Malaysian companies for the period of 2000-2007. They took working capital variables such as cash conversion cycle, current ratio, debt to asset ratio, current asset to total asset, current liabilities to total asset and profitability variables are return on asset and return on invested capital. By using multiple regression analysis and correlation, their results revealed that working capital variables have negative association with firms profitability. Firms cannot exist without working capital and it can improve the profitability and market value of a firm. Dong Su (2010) also conducted a study to find out the relationship between working capital management and firms profitability. The working capital management has an important part in the success and failure of a firm because it has a great impact on the profitability and liquidity of a firm. Their sample is based on 130 firms which are listed in Vietnam stock market for the period of 2006-2008. Their findings proved that profitability and cash conversion cycle is strongly negatively associated. By optimum working capital management, the managers may create a value of stock for the shareholders. The firm should maintain a balance between its two objectives; profitability and liquidity. One objective should not be achieved at the cost of other. Their findings also suggested that profitability can be increased by decreasing the number of days accounts receivable and inventories. Saleem Rehman (2011) observed a significant relationship between liquidity and firms performance. Liquidity of a company is very important for its every stack holder. If a firms cash and near cash assets are insufficient to satisfy its immediate payment obligations than firm may face difficulties. This can affect firms day to day business operations and profitability. They evaluated that liquidity and profitability are inversely related, one increases the other will decreases. Bhunia, Khan Mukhuti (2011) provided the evidence with respect to the relationship between liquidity and profitability of a firm. They took steel companies of private sector in India to assess the management of liquidity as a factor of performance. They studied important liquidity indicators and analyzed that optimal working capital management can be achieved by controlling the trade-off between profitability and liquidity of a firm. Firm value is positively affected by optimal working capital management so the investment in working capital must be satisfactory. They concluded that liquidity and profitability are significantly positively associated. Saghir, Hashmi Hussain (2011) studied the relationship between working capital management and profitability of a firm. They used cash conversion cycle to measure working capital management efficiency and return on asset to measure profitability while analyzing the financial data of 60 textile firms listed on KSE for the period of 2001 to 2006. They suggested that smooth inflow of profit is mainly affected by the optimum point of working capital. Working capital means companys current assets and it has a direct effect on the liquidity and profitability of a firm. According to the risk and return theory, when firms liquidity of working capital is high then it has low risk and low profitability and vice versa. The shorter cash conversion cycle is better for the firm profitability. Their result shows the negative relation between working capital management and profitability of a firm. Alipour (2011) researched about working capital management and corporate profitability while taking sample of 1063 companies from Tehran stock exchange. To test the hypothesis, multiple regression and pearsons correlation was used. He analyzed that sale and profit of a company is greatly influenced by the working capital management. Due to inefficient working capital management, a company may be incapable to pay its debts on time. The results show a significant relationship between working capital management and profitability of a company. There is a negative relationship between cash conversion cycle, average collection period, inventory turnover in days and profitability. Qazi et al. (2011) examined the impact of working capital on the profitability of a firm. Using the financial data of Pakistani automobile and oil and gas industry for the time period of 2004-2009, he proposed that the important components of working capital are debtor, creditor and inventory. The efficient and effective working capital can create value of the shares to shareholders. He persuaded that maintaining the companys liquid level is a major task of a company. So, by ignoring liquidity objective, company may face insolvency or bankruptcy. Their results showed the positive impact of working capital on profitability. Ching, Novazzi Gerab (2011) scrutinized the financial statements of two separate groups of companies: working capital intensive and fixed capital intensive having16 companies in each group listed on Brazil Stock exchange during 2005-2009. They used return on assets, returns on sales and returns on equity to measure profitability and cash conversion cycle, debt ratio, days receivables, days inventory and days of working capital are used as independent variables. Their results showed that managing working capital is very important for both type of companies. Moreover, working capital intensive type of company gets more profit by managing inventory and cash conversion efficiency at optimum level and fixed capital intensive type of company yield more profit through other two variables. Karaduman et al. (2011) also investigated the link between management of working capital and profitability of a firm. In the recent economic conditions, the survival of a firm greatly depends upon the ability to manage its financial function. Their sample is based on 127 companies listed in the Istanbul Stock Exchange during 2005-2009. The cash conversion cycle was used as a proxy of working capital management and returns on assets was used to measure profitability. The results portrayed that ROA is positively affected by the reduction in CCC. The profitability is increased by developing efficiency of working capital. Alam et al. (2011) studied the influence of working capital management on the profitability and its market value of firms which are listed on Karachi stock exchange. They claimed that a misconception that firm survival is based on its profits has been cleared due to the present liquidity crises. They used financial data of 65 companies listed on Karachi Stock exchange during 2005-2009. Return on assets and returns on invested capital were used as proxy for measuring financial performance of the firm, Tobins Q was used to determine the market value of a firm and five financial ratios such as cash conversion cycle, current ratio, debt to asset ratio, current asset to total asset ratio and current liabilities to total asset ratio were used as dependent variables. Their empirical results presented sufficient evidence that firms strongly depends upon current assets to generate profits. Ogundipe, Idowu Ogundipe (2012) provided evidence regarding the influence of working capital management on performance of a firm and its market value. They collected data from annual reports of 54 Nigerian companies for the period of 1995-2009. They explained working capital management as management of current assets and current liabilities and it has a direct effect on firms profitability and market valuation. Their findings suggested that as cash conversion cycle decreases firms profitability increases and efficient working capital management also increases the market value of a firm. Barine (2012) established the relationship between efficient working capital management and firms profitability. Working capital management ensures a firms ability to satisfy both short term obligations and forthcoming operational expenses. They compared the cost and returns of working capital of 22 listed firms on Nigerian stock exchange. Their findings proposed that if cost of working capital is greater than returns on working capital investment then it negatively affects profitability and firms should have optimized working capital investments to stay away from over or under investments. Bhunia (2012) explored the influence of liquidity on profitability while taking the sample of FMCG companies in India during 2001 to 2010. He argued that working capital management plays an important role in the financial management decisions of a firm and managers should manage the trade-off between liquidity and profitability to attain optimal working capital management as it can create value for the firm. By using applied normality test, correlation and regression, the results indicated that liquidity and profitability are positively associated. The research of Vahid, Mohsen and Mohammadreza (2012) also highlighted the affect of working capital management policies on firms profitability. They explained that working capital management has a great impact on profitability and liquidity of a firm and it is responsible for the success and failure of a firm. Their sample consists of 28 Iranian companies listed on Tehran stock exchange for 2005-2009. Their results suggested that conservative investment policy i.e. high level of short term investment have a negative impact on profitability and value of a firm, while aggressive investment policy i.e. long term investment have positive impact on profitability and value of a firm. Their results also showed that aggressive financing policies i.e. high level of current liabilities to finance firms project have a negative impact on profitability and value of a firm, while conservative financing policies i.e. having more long term liabilities to finance firms operating activities have a po sitive impact on firms profitability and value. Al-Mwalla (2012) tried to observe the affect of working capital management policies on the profitability and value of a firm. He persuaded that a firm has to maintain adequate level of working capital to fulfill its short term obligations. Therefore, a firm can adopt one of the two policies; a conservative policy by maintaining low level of current assets to total assets or an aggressive policy by keeping high level of current liabilities to total liabilities. He took annual data of 57 firms listed in Amman Stock Market during 2001 to 2009 for analysis. The results portrayed that conservative policy of investment and financing are positively associated with profitability and value of a firm. Ahmad (2012) highlighted the influence of working capital management on forms performance while taking a sample of 253 companies related to non financial sector listed on Karachi Stock Exchange, Pakistan. He use ROA and ROE as proxy of firm performance and current asset over total sales, current asset over total asset, debtors turnover, current ratio and inventory turnover as proxies of working capital management. Using OLS regression, Pearson correlation analysis and logistic regression techniques, he found that all explanatory variables are positively correlated to firm performance except current assets to total sales as it has a negative correlation with firm performance. Usama (2012) extended the work of Rehman and Nasar regarding working capital management while taking the sample of 18 companies from other food sector listed on Karachi Stock Exchange for the period of 2006-2010. The researcher used different variables to measure working capital management such as average collection period, inventory turnover in days, cash conversion cycle, average payment period, debt ratio, firm size, current ratio, and financial asset to total asset. Using common effect model and pooled least square regression, the results indicated that working capital management has significant positive association with firms profitability and liquidity. He also concluded that firm size and minimum inventory turnover in days has positive influence on firms profitability. Myers (2001) purported that there is no general theory regarding debt and equity choice. He discussed three main theories for the choice of debt and equity. He described that according to trade off theory firms adopt that debt level which balances the tax benefits of additional debt against the cost of financial distress. Debt financing gives a tax shield to a firm therefore they took high level of debt to gain maximum tax benefits and eventually increase profitability. However, the increase of debt financing increases the possibility of bankruptcy. According to pecking order theory, when firms internal cash flow is not enough to fulfill its capital expenditure then firms prefer debt on equity. Mostly low profitable firms entail external financing and accumulate debt. According to the free cash flow theory, when a mature firm has profitable investment opportunities and its operating cash flow is considerably exceeds its investment opportunities, so this dangerous level of debt will h ave a positive effect on firms value regardless of threat of financial distress. Berger Bonaccorsi di Patti (2003) supported that leverage has a direct impact on agency cost which influences firm performance. They proposed that high leverage or a low equity capital ratio causes to reduce the agency cost related to outside equity and raises firm value. They used annual information of U.S. commercial banks from 1990 to 1995. Their result showed that a 1% increase in leverage decrease equity capital ratio surrenders a predicted 6% increase in profit efficiency. Fama French (2005) described the financing decisions of firms. They tested predictions of pecking order theory about financing decisions and claimed that more than half of their sample firms defy the pecking order predictions. Their first result is against the pecking order prediction that firms hardly issue stock. Under their sample, 67% of the firms issue stock each year during 1973-1982 and it rises to 74% for 1983-1992, and 86% during 1993-2002. So, equity decisions of a firm frequently violate the pecking order. Second prediction is that capital structure of a firm is derived by asymmetric information problem but their findings are against this prediction. They suggested that this problem can be avoided by issuing equity through different ways. Elsas, Flannery Garfinkel (2006) studied firm major investment, financing decisions and long run performance. They took 1,185 U.S. firms which made huge acquisitions or capital expenditures during 1989-1999. They observed that large firms financed their new investment with debt whereas equity has a small role. With the passage of time, new debt replaced with equity funds. Small firms mostly rely on issuing equity when financing its new investments to replace debt while internal cash flow is used by medium sized firms. They analyzed that debt financing produces negative long run performance more than equity financing whereas financing with internal funds never produce important share underperformance. Dittmar Thakor (2007) developed a new theory of issuance of security that is when stock prices are high then firms issue equity. This issue is contradictory with the two major theories of capital structure: pecking order and trade off theory. The main idea of their theory is that managers decision about security issuance is based on how their decisions will influence the investment choice of the firm and how this choice will influence the post-investment stock price of the firm. After the investment in the project, managers are more concerned about the stock price and the long term equity value of the firm. The shareholders and bondholders may object to the managers choice of investment because they have dissimilar beliefs regarding the value of the project. Their findings suggest that firms which issue equity have higher stock prices, higher values of agreement parameter and higher increase in investments.

How is Act 1 scene 3 dramatic for both modern and Jacobean audiences? Essay

This scene comes quite early in the play. It is the first real section of plot in the play. In the previous scenes, we have only really been given the history of the characters and are introduced to the characters. In the first scene, three weird sisters or witches are holding a meeting. They arrange where their next meeting will be held. FIRST WITCH Where the place? SECOND WITCH Upon the Heath. THIRD WITCH There to meet with Macbeth This creates suspense, as we know that Macbeth is an important character as he is the title role, but we do not know why he would want to meet with the witches or why the witches would want to meet with him. This scene makes this scene more dramatic. The fact that the scene opens with the witches suggests that they will be important later on and so when we see them again the audience assumes that something exciting is going to happen. William Shakespeare uses to create drama. This scene has many different interpretations and could be staged in many different ways. In the RSC production of Macbeth (1978), starring Judy Dench and Ian McKellen, this scene is staged with the witches all close together, writhing on the ground. They are dressed from head to toe in black rags and shawls cover their faces. When the shawls are removed, we can see that they are hideous. Their faces frighten the audience, adding to the drama. The third witch is portrayed as the most powerful witch, but also he most hideous. Spit is hurled from her mouth as she talks and she seems to have no control over whether she is dribbling or not. This physically repels Macbeth and the audience and ads to the drama of the scene. Macbeth and Banquo have an air of swaggering bravado, but in an exaggerated way, as if they seek to cover their fear. The fact that we can tell that they are afraid makes us more anxious as we know that they are hardened fighters, with seemingly no fear. This scene is also in semi-darkness, which adds drama as we imagine their surroundings and we cannot really see what is happening. The Edward Hall production of Macbeth (2002), starring Sean Bean and Samantha Bond, shows the witches as beautiful women. They begin the scene with their heads covered by a shawl and are also dressed in black, but they wear beautiful satin dresses. They are positioned at the front of they stage at in the centre and at the two corners so when Macbeth and Banquo arrive on the scene, they are surrounded. This is dramatic as the audience can see that it will be hard for Macbeth and Banquo to escape if the witches attack them. In both of these productions, Macbeth’s soliloquies are said aloud as they are stage productions. This seems dramatic as it feels as if everyone else can almost hear Macbeth’s secrets, ideas, and plans. Although it is obvious that we can hear Macbeth’s thoughts in a way that the characters in the play cannot, there is still a little bit of excitement as to what would happen if his thoughts were overheard. The film version of Macbeth directed by Polanski (date), starring Jon Finch and Francesca Annis, is staged very differently to either of the stage versions. Because it is filmed, not acted Polanski is not restricted by any of the problems of a stage production. This scene is set outside in the Scottish Highlands. This is dramatic as it is more realistic. The witches vary in age and in looks. Two of the witches are very old and ugly, but the third is young and pretty. In contradiction with the RSC production, this witch is silent and does not seem to be able to speak. Shakespeare uses imagery to make this play dramatic. Shakespeare first creates an ominous atmosphere. The witches are involved in cursing a sailor. I’ll drain him dry as hay: Sleep shall neither night nor day Hang upon his penthouse lid; He shall live a man forbid. This shows us how the witches are capable of killing a man. This adds to our fear. This can also symbolise what is in store for Macbeth’s life, which is like a turbulent sea. The sailor is captain of a ship, just as Macbeth will be King and like the captain who lost everything so Macbeth will have his downfall. It shows how Macbeth will weather the storms of life. This prepares the audience for the fact that they will be witnessing unpredictable events, and much confusion adding suspense. They rhyme of the witches’ words and metre add a chant like quality to what the witches say. I’ll drain him dry as hay: a Sleep shall neither night nor day a Hang upon his penthouse lid; b He shall live a man forbid. b Shakespeare gives the witches an unstructured metre, different to the strict iambic pentameter of the other characters, to make them seem different, almost supernatural. This also refers to a traditional belief that witches spells are chanted. Shakespeare also uses alliteration, assonance, and internal rhyme to add drama. Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine, And thrice again, to make up nine. The alliteration of thrice and thine and the assonance of the -ine sound add to the supernatural feeling. Shakespeare also gives the witches single syllables meaning each word sounds heavy. This supports the heaviness of what the witches are planning. The witches also stress the number three. They repeat it three times. In our culture the number three, has always held an importance and some kind of magic. When Macbeth and Banquo enter, Macbeth says ‘So foul and fair a day I have not seen’. This reminds us of the first scene where the witches chanted, ‘Fair is foul, and foul is fair’. This serves as a reminder that the witches are hidden in wait for Macbeth and Banquo and reminds us that they wish to meet Macbeth, adding suspense. The witches speak in riddles to Macbeth and Banquo. FIRST WITCH Lesser than Macbeth and greater. SECOND WITCH Not so happy and yet much happier. THIRD WITCH Thou shall get kings, though thou be none.

Effects of Noontime Shows in Philippine Economy and Filipino Families Essay

Since television came out in the Philippines in the 1950s, it has become â€Å"the most accessible and most influential medium to the society† (SEECTV, 2012). The television has become such an integral part of homes in the modern world that it is hard to imagine life without television. Not just for entertainment value, but TV is also a valuable resource for advertising and different kinds of programming (Jezek Geno, 2014). The TV affects many lives of Filipino people. One’s perception, attitude, and behaviour in politics, education, health, economics, and the like are also affected. No matter how old you are, TVs are powerful in affecting one’s life either positive or negative or even in both aspects. One that affects much in the Filipino society and economy are the noontime shows. Most noontime shows are classified as game shows or variety shows. According to a research conducted by Second Year – BS Accountancy students that its effects to the Filipino families have constantly been very influential on the values of numerous Filipinos. These variety shows are entertaining, touching, and helping the lives of the Filipinos by their segments that exhibit humorous acts and taglines, their grand prizes that turn lots of Filipinos to millionaires and their other segments that help out many unfortunate Filipino families. Not just the Filipino society and families, but noontime shows also affect the Philippine economy. Philippine economy is concern about these noontime shows because these things either will result with positive or negative outcomes – the state of economy is dependent to its people. Unhealthy people will surely have a poor economy. It was also said that shows are under competition with the other shows where Philippine economy is concerned about and to its effects to the Filipino families where they are trying to take something to catch people’s attention. The Philippine economy with its noontime shows has its benefits. The bigger rating the show, the more opportunities of money to circulate. Most especially when the shows are shown outside the country, the rating would probably get higher and higher even to the countries outside Philippines. Noontime game shows have showcased two sets of audiences the balikbayan mostly women with their foreign husbands – the HAVES. The other side would be of course the HAVE NOTS that comprises the marginalized whose professions ranges from balut vendors, takatak cigarette boys, the dyaryo boteros and the palenkeras. This noontime show scenario only says one thing: there is more money and opportunity abroad. Generally, the atmosphere imbibes their audience to have a mindset that joining the game, coming to the studio as contestant or just merely watching it would improve one’s life (Jethernandez, 2008). These noontime shows also help the Philippine economy, specifically for a high rating of tourists who visit the country. Like the twin segments entitled You’re My Foreignoy and You’re My Foreignay in the Philippine noontime show, Eat Bulaga in GMA – 7. It brings to light its significance as not only a mass cultural reference but also in terms of questioning the parameters of belonging in a foreign culture and the extent of being able to become a part of a national history (Juntado, 2014). In the noontime shows that have been practically taken over by all kinds of palaro, money is being made for the program’s producers even as it is being given away. In these shows, most of their sponsors do not only place ads, but are also allotted space on the stage for their banners and have their names said aloud several times by the program hosts. But there’s the rub; in the old noontime shows, for example, much of the fun was provided by professional entertainers who sang and danced or put on skits. The few contests the programs had usually showcased a particular skill or talent — say singing or debating — and people clapped when participants were finally rewarded their well-deserved prizes (Lorenzo, 2008). Noontime shows also affect the economy when some idiotic, cheap, nonsense noontime shows were shown where people make idiots of themselves. They only show what the people want to see and not what they need to see (Func, 2015). They exploit women and insult people’s intelligence. Sometimes these shows often showed lack of respect towards others. Severe lack of common sense is what most Pinoys need to really work on – the ability to question and think first. If the show easily falls prey to even the typical â€Å"kwentong barbero† or â€Å"tsismis† around, how about the shows they watch every day? (Func, 2015). Filipinos are not dumb and senseless not to realize that they are wasting their time watching nonsense, useless, noontime shows. Instead of finding some fun in watching these shows, they will just rather take a rest and nap. These three big noontime shows affect much in the Filipino society, culture and the economy either good or bad or both. Two of these are still airing in these present times. The longest noontime show in the Philippine television is the Eat Bulaga, first aired by Radio Philippines Network or RPN 9 on July 30, 1979. The program’s original core consisted of the comic trio, Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto, and Joey de Leon (TVJ). This noontime show has become a showbiz institution. Eat Bulaga has time and again defied the changing seasons, shifting trends, stiff competition, and a slew of cast changes for 35 years (GMA News, 2007). The show is still on air up until now on channel GMA – 7. It’s Showtime (formerly known as Showtime) is a Philippine noontime musical variety show broadcast on ABS-CBN. The show is also broadcast worldwide through The Filipino Channel. On October 24, 2009, Showtime premiered as a morning program, airing before the network’s noontime shows, which served as the replacement of Pilipinas, Game KNB? The original cast consisted of Vhong Navarro, Anne Curtis, Kim Atienza, Jugs Jugueta and Teddy Corpuz, and Vice Ganda as the permanent judge. It’s Showtime has been airing since 2012. Wowowillie was a Philippine noontime variety show aired by TV5, The show premiered on January 26, 2013, and was broadcast live from TV5’s Delta Studio in Quezon City, with its main host and producer, Willie Revillame. The show earned the distinction of being the only noontime program to have a Strong Parental Guidance rating from the MTRCB, which was imposed due to the dancers’ provocative outfits. In September 2013, Revillame admitted in an interview that the show’s ratings â€Å"fell below expectations†, and contemplated on a possible cancellation. The show aired its final episode on October 12, 2013, six months after its debut. It was replaced by Sine Ko 5ingko Hapon on weekdays and Sabado Sinerama on Saturdays. Filipinos are known to be really innately happy but it takes a lot to make them genuinely laugh. So variety shows at noontime are very entertaining to some. Some Filipinos would say that shows at noontime are very eye-catching and also called as palaman during the lunch time. When talking about Filipino kids, some shows would probably be unhealthy to the ages such as those in the very young age where Movie and Television Review and Classification. Board (MTRCB) is concerned of. There are variety shows which are suspended due to some violations regarding in catching up viewers where people at very young age are subjected to not see or hear some actions on the shows which is not healthy at their age. Like the Wowowee where Pinoy migrants who hold get-togethers with fellow Pinoys often congregate around a television set that has The Filipino Channel (TFC) in order to watch the show and get their kids learning to dance to the Ocho-ocho, Spaghetti Song, and other sexually-explicit and unfit-for-public-broadcast crass embarrassments to Filipino identity that very often get criticized by non-Filipinos. Those immigrant Filipino communities are just small microcosms of what goes on in the teeming squatter colonies and shanty-towns all throughout the country, where birthday parties of little girls aged 5, 6, 7, or older are celebrated with the same sexually-explicit songs and dances popularized on the noontime shows (Correct Philippines, 2015) thus, not a healthy developmental milestone. Also, any kind of shows would be inappropriate when taking so long to watch especially to kids where their diet would be very affected. It is noon and the time to eat their lunch. Some children forgot to eat their foods and according to research, there is a rising case of obesity. One study showed that although there was no increase in exercise levels, relative body mass index was lowered because the children snacked less, lowering their average consumption by 100 calories per day (Guballa, 2008). Noontime shows also affect the exercise level of the individual when really focused. Some also, specifically at young ages are reading less and poor in focusing. In the same study, it was found that boys and girls with bedroom TV sets spent less time reading than others (Guballa, 2008). Furthermore, George Gerbner stated that television also have the powers to cultivate beliefs and values through the constructs‘occurrence in television shows. In his theory â€Å"The Mean World Syndrome†, he identified two types of viewers; the heavy and light. The heavy viewer‘s repetitive and hefty exposure to the same kind of information increases the probability of being affected by the show‘s content (Littlejohn, 2008). With this, a belief system about a certain topic is cultivated on the audience. This can be amplified through the process of resonance where the audience‘s view, based from television consumption, is amplified by her/his personal experiences that are aligned with the view (University of Twente). In the process, the Mean World Syndrome would be an outlook of how the world is generally perceived as a mean environment, due to the cultivation of violence among the heavy- viewing audiences. This hence creates a scary view of world. With resonance, a coincidence of an audience‘s personal experience with the prevailing view of the world would make the world even scarier. The theory also states how TV viewing leads to learning of incidental information based on the focus, involvement, capacity of the audience, or the nature of viewing. This would lead to construction of their social reality as amplified by their personal interaction and experiences in the real world (University of Twente). In contrast, noontime variety shows are not just as an entertainment to Filipinos but also an instrument to some for them to stand up, especially with their game, segments, and they give opportunities to the people in need for them to cope up with a circle of life. They had also segments promoting a game. Noontime shows also helped people to show, to develop, and to enhance their different talents and skills. Just like in Xavier University â€Å"With It’s Showtime’s great influence and exposure to Filipino viewers, XUFD 2014 also had a comical adaptation of the said noontime show and organized its very own talent competition dubbed â€Å"X-Ur show, X-Ur time, It’s XU- Time. The competition was participated in by six talented groups vying to become XU-Time’s grand winner. † (Magallanes, 2014). Noontime shows way back was a battleground for a spelling contest for elementary and high school students. Like the â€Å"IQ-7, a quiz show that was part of GMA-7’s Student Canteen in the ‘80s, in which contestants really used their brains (Lorenzo, 2008). Some shows were the Mathtinik, Sineskwela, and more. The noontime shows make the Filipino families feel relax that the only way to help them forget about their problems are to be entertained. Help relieve persistent feelings of depression or general sadness. It is like their relieving stress to avoid the perceived unpleasant or banal aspects of daily life. A post on Tumblr from â€Å"Filipino Culture† that noontime shows help the family to bond and laugh together while watching these noontime shows. These improve family ties and helps in tightening the bond of Filipino families. These shows are a proof that Filipinos are standing together, although not all are fortunate to be chosen. According to some Filipinos, they also get some lessons. The Filipino rendition of a successful noontime show doesn’t really have any synonymity with the Western take on the variety or game show. It focuses on the individual, talents, and wit; if ever there would be any games, they are more often both substance and vehicle for a political economy of emotions. The objective of the Filipino noontime show is to be, to an extent; personal with those it places its attention on (Juntado, 2014).